Interest ratres are increasing around the world, potentially affecting bank performance. From the following possible outcomes choose one or more that could affect a bank due to rising interest rates.

a$.$ Decrease the value of investment securitries the bank holds as assets

b$.$ Increase bank earnings by pushing rates charged on loans

c$.$ Increase paper losses on investment securities resulting in negative effects on liquidty and funding

d$.$ Increase the cost of the ban's liabilities