is a mechanism for pulling data from source systems to satisfy a request for information. It is an evolving tool space that promises real$-$time data integration from a variety of sources, such as relational databases, Web services, and multidimensional databases.

Service$-$oriented architecture $($SOA$)$

Enterprise information integration $($EII$)$

Extraction, transformation, and load $($ETL$)$

Enterprise afmon $($EAI$)$