Is it true that strategic planning is typically the responsibility of top or upper$-$level managers at a company, such as the CEO or COO?

a$.$ No; strategic plans can be so short$-$term that creating them is a job best left to a first$-$line manager or even a team lead, who are more suited for that level of organizational planning.

b$.$ Yes; top management, like CEOs or COOs, are the only people who could ever handle long$-$term planning for any reason because of they have no further need to develop conceptual, technical, or soft skills.

c$.$ Yes, top$-$level management is expected to make broad decisions based on high$-$level market and industry analysis. Top management typically have extensive experience at lower levels of management, so they have an idea of how their decisions will affect others in the organization.

d$.$ Yes; top$-$level management generally has the experience and education to make detail$-$oriented plans for other employees, though these strategic plans should not be for timelines longer than $6$ months.

e$.$ Yes; everyone needs to be involved in strategic planning because everyone in a company should be hired because of their basic conceptual and problem$-$solving skills, which are fundamental to strategic planning.

f$.$ No; strategic planning is something you can only do once your company has been in business for a year or more.