It have been known that 45% of HIV positive smokers have used a nicotine patch in the past. In a survey of 444 HIV positive smokers, 170 reported that they had used a nicotine patch to quit. We want to know if there is sufficient evidence to prove that less than 45% of the HIV positive smokers used a nicotine patch. Test at 1% significance level. To answer some parts of this question use Rguroo. Refer to activity instructions for guidance. a) The observed value p = [ Select ] b) The null hypothesis is Ho : p [ Select ] V VS. Ha : P [ Select ] c) The observed z-statistic is [ Select ] and the critical z value = [ Select ] . At 1% significance level we conclude that [ Select ] d) The p-value = [ Select ] e) From part (d) since the p-value is [ Select ] the significance level a we conclude that [ Select ]