1. Joyce and Cathy were law school roommates in the 1970's, and they have remained best friends. They are both 55 years old. Cathy has two sons, while Joyce does not have any children.

Joyce owns a shifting executory interest in which of the following properties?

• A lake house that Cathy conveyed in 2000 "to Joyce until her sons graduate from college."
• A ranch that Cathy conveyed in 2003 "to the Western Historical Society for the rest of my life, then to Joyce."
• Ten acres of forested land that Cathy conveyed in 1994 "to the city so long as the land is open to the public for recreational purposes for the next 20 years, then to Joyce."
• A vacant suburban lot that Cathy's will devises "to the West Park Synagogue provided that it is used for religious purposes for the next 20 years, then to Joyce."