Justin and Jessica have been married for 10 years. Justin had a net worth of $25,000,000 when he died in 2020. Which of the following scenarios would incur the lowest overall (at Justins death and Jessicas death) estate taxes assuming the property transfers at equal value at the death of both individuals and utilizing 2020 estate tax rates? Assume that portability is not elected. Which of the following scenarios would incur the highest overall (at Justins death and Jessicas death) estate taxes assuming the property transfers at equal value at the death of both individuals and utilizing 2020 estate tax rates? Assume that portability is not elected.

a. Justins will directs the transfer of $18,000,000 to his two children and the remainder of his assets to his wife, Jessica.

b. Justins will directs that all of his property is transferred to Jessica.

c. At Justins death, specific bequests totaling $3,000,000 are transferred per the direction of the will to individuals other than Jessica. The remainder of the assets are transferred to a trust with the income payable to Jessica for her life and the remainder interest payable to the children at Jessicas death. Justins executor elected to treat this as a QTIP trust.

d. In his will, Justin funds a trust with $11,580,000 for the benefit of his two children. Jessica will receive an annual income distribution from the trust. All other assets will transfer to Jessica.