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Problem 3 Hertzman et al. (A-10) conducted a study to identify determinants of elevated blood lead levels in preschool children; to compare the current situation with past information; to determine historical trends in environmental lead contamination in a Canadian commu- nity; and to find a basis for identifying appropriate precautions and protection against future lead exposure. Subjects were children between the ages of two and five years inclusive who resided in a Canadian community that is the site of one of North America's largest lead-zinc smelters. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) cases, consisting of children who had blood lead levels of 18 ug/ml or greater and (2) controls, consisting of subjects whose blood lead levels were 10 ug/dl or less. Lead levels were ascertained for samples of drinking water, paint, household dust, home-grown vegeta- bles, and soil. Among the analyses performed by the investigators was a multiple logistic regression analysis with age, sex, and the logarithms of the lead levels of the environ- mental samples (covariates) as the independent variables. They found that soil lead level was the strongest risk factor for high blood lead levels. The analysis yielded an odds ratio of 14.25, which could be interpreted as "each ten-fold increase in soil lead level would increase the relative proportion of cases to controls by 14.25-fold." The following table shows the soil lead levels for the cases (coded 1) and the controls (coded (). Use logistic regression to analyze these data. Obtain the odds ratio and compare it with the one obtained by the authors' analysis. Test for significance at the .05 level and find the p-value.Subject Soil Lead Subject Soil Lead Subject Soil Lead Category Level (ppm) Category Level (ppm) Category Level (ppm) 1 = case 1290 197 852 C 0 = control 90 916 137 894 755 137 -OOO- 193 59 125 1410 1720 562 410 574 325 1594 103 1317 321 61 2125 40 1290 2635 96 1409 2635 260 880 544 433 40 731 260 40 815 227 68 328 OFF--O- -OOOOOOOO- 337 777 1455 867 1975 977 1694 1237 624 302 133 392 2860 269 427 2860 357 1000 4320 315 1009 859 315 1010 1 19 255 3053 1 15 422 1220 192 400 46 1345 400 181 55 229 87 55 OHOO-OOOO 229 131 606 768 131 1660 886 1890 82 58 221 -OOH---OO--OO-O- 1470 508 221 600 811 79 2120 527 1570 569 1753 909 105 57 1720 503 769 308 161 677 97 161 677 200 1670 424 1 135 132 2230 320 974 421 5255 3795 628 176 -O-O--OF 548 1406 176 622 378 100 788 812 2130 812