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Results

Two-Tailed Paired Samples t-Test

Introduction

A two-tailed paired samples t-test was conducted to examine whether the mean difference of Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score was significantly different from zero.

Assumptions

Normality. A Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to determine whether the differences in Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score could have been produced by a normal distribution (Razali & Wah, 2011). The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test were not significant based on an alpha value of 0.05, W = 0.98, p = .853. This result suggests the possibility that the differences in Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score were produced by a normal distribution cannot be ruled out, indicating the normality assumption is met.

Homogeneity of Variance. Levene's test was conducted to assess whether the variances of Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score were significantly different. The result of Levene's test was not significant based on an alpha value of 0.05, F(1, 58) = 0.63, p = .432. This result suggests it is possible that Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score were produced by distributions with equal variances, indicating the assumption of homogeneity of variance was met.

Results

The result of the two-tailed paired samples t-test was significant based on an alpha value of 0.05, t(29) = -16.49, p

Table 1

Two-Tailed Paired Samples t-Test for the Difference Between Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score

Pre_test_Score	Post_test_score
M	SD	M	SD	t	p	d
79.87	8.61	91.17	6.93	-16.49		3.01

Note. N = 30. Degrees of Freedom for the t-statistic = 29. d represents Cohen's d.

Figure 1

The means of Pre_test_Score and Post_test_score with 95% CI Error Bars

100 8 Mean Value O Pre_test Score Post test score