1. Know about measurement errors (impression and bias affecting the validity of measurements or reported results).
2. Know the difference between use of point estimates such as sample mean and sample proportion and confidence interval-based estimates such as 95% level, 90% level or 99% level of confidence in generalizing about the population parameters such as population mean and population proportion.
3. Know the difference between population parameter and sample statistic and the use of sample statistic to estimate the population parameter.
4. Know the difference between two-tailed or two-sided hypothesis test and one-tailed or one-sided hypothesis test.
5. Know how to state null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis for an analysis of variance (ANOVA).
6. Know how to interpret the linear correlation coefficient as a measure of the degree of linear relationship and direction of relationship between two quantitative variables.
7. Know the mathematical relationship between the Chi-square distribution and standard normal distribution.
8. Know the definitions of data types (quantitative versus qualitative) and types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio).
9. The following frequency distribution shows the frequency of outbreaks of the virus (statistics flu) for the following household in a small rural community.

Household	1233	500	200	50	34	15
outcome	0	1	2	3	4	5

Use the frequency distribution to construct a probability distribution by filling in the blanks below. Please write probabilities as decimals to the nearest hundred ,i.e 0.125

P(0) =-------------------

P(1) = --------------------

P(2) =-------------------

P(3) = --------------------

P(4) =-------------------

P(5) = --------------------

1. Based on information presented in question #9, compute the mean and the standard deviation and interpret the results. Hint. See the examples presented on pages 111-112 in the textbook.
2. Use the following situations for Question 11. Nineteen students were randomly selected for cholesterol screening. The following data were collected.

280, 174, 212, 205, 234, 247, 238, 178, 276, 209, 188, 206, 228, 219, 202, 198, 275 264, 229.

A. Mean =----------------

B. Median = --------------

C. Mode = ---------------

D. Sample Standard Deviation = -------------------

E. The Sample Variance = -------------------------

F. The Coefficient of Variation (as a percent, for example 27.43%)= ----------------.

Hint: Use the information and examples presented in the textbook pages 77-96.

1. Use the following situations for Questions 12. Twenty students were randomly selected for cholesterol screening. The following data were collected:

265, 174, 212, 215, 234, 264, 273, 154, 289, 204, 152, 204, 212, 217, 189, 197, 267, 286, 234.

Is the data skewed ?_______ (select correct letter from list below)

A. No

B. Skewed left

C. Skewed right

D. Unable to determine

13. Use the following situations for Question 13. Twenty students were randomly selected for cholesterol screening. The following data were collected.

265, 174, 212, 215, 234, 264, 273, 154, 289, 204, 152, 204, 212, 217, 189, 197, 267, 286, 234.

Which is the best measure of central tendency for the randomly selected cholesterol screenings? _______ (select correct letter from list below)

A. Mean

B. Median

C. Mode

D. It does not matter, one is as good as the other

14. Know the definitions and applications of conditional probability, mutually exclusive events and independent events. Hint read the definitions and examples provided on pages 109-127 of the textbook.

15. Twenty percent of the employees of a large hospital are minorities. A random sample of 9 employees is selected.

A. What is the probability that the sample contains exactly 3 minorities?

B. What is the probability that the sample contains fewer than 4 minorities?

C. What is the probability that the sample contains exactly 5 non-minority?

D. What is the expected number of minorities in the sample?

E. What is the variance of the minorities?

Hint. This question is a typical probability question that is based on the Binomial probability distribution. Use the descriptions and examples presented in the textbook from pages 133-139.

16. The life expectancy of a lung cancer patient treated with a new drug is normally distributed with a mean of 6 years and a standard deviation of 8 months. Hint: This is a typical probability calculation based on the normal distribution. See pages 178-184 in the textbook. Note that the standard deviation is in months and the mean is in years. You need to express the standard deviation in the same unit as the mean that of the mean.

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected lung cancer patient will last more than 7 years?

B. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last between 7 and 8 years?

C. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last less than 7 years?

D. What percentage of lung cancer patients will last between 3.5 and 6.5 years?

E. If the drug manufacturer guarantees the drug will be effective for a minimum of 5 years (and will pay for the entire treatment program if the patient does not survive), what percentage of lung cancer patients will have to pay for the treatment?

17. The life expectancy in the United States is 78 with a standard deviation of 8 years. A random sample of 49 individuals is selected.

A. What is the standard error of the mean?

B. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 78 years?

C. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 74.5 years?

D. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 75.5 and 78 years?

E. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 74 and 76 years?

F. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 75.64 years?

18. The standard hemoglobin reading for healthy adult men is 17 g/120 ml with a standard deviation of = 3 g. For a group of men, we find a mean hemoglobin of 18.0 g. Hint: use the descriptions and examples presented in the textbook on pages 219-229.

A. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 27.

B. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 38.

C. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for if the group size was 47.

19. Know the effect of doubling the sample size on the standard error of the mean.

20. Know the definitions, applications and consequences of the Central Limit Theorem.

21. Use the following situation for Questions 21. To estimate the average time spent on the dialysis machines per kidney patient at a local university hospital, data were collected for a sample of 86 patients over a one-week period. Assume the population standard deviation is 1.6 hours. The standard error of the mean is:

22. Use the following situation for Questions 22. To estimate the average time spent on the dialysis machines per kidney patient at a local university hospital, data were collected for a sample of 86 patients over a one-week period. Assume the population standard deviation is 1.6 hours. With a 0.95 probability, the margin of error is approximately:

23. Use the following situation for Questions 23. To estimate the average time spent on the dialysis machines per kidney patient at a local university hospital, data were collected for a sample of 86 patients over a one-week period. Assume the population standard deviation is 1.6 hours. If the sample mean is 9 hours, then the 95% confidence interval is:

24. Know when to use the t distribution instead of the z distribution in conducting statistical inference.

25.U se the following situation for Questions 25. A random sample of 18 statistics examinations from a large population was taken. The average score in the sample was 88.6 with a variance of 65. We are interested in determining whether the average grade of the population is significantly more than 72. Assume the distribution of the population of grades is normal. The test statistic is:

26. Use the following situation for Questions 26. A random sample of 18 statistics examinations from a large population was taken. The average score in the sample was 88.6 with a variance of 65. We are interested in determining whether the average grade of the population is significantly more than 72. Assume the distribution of the population of grades is normal. At 95% confidence, it can be concluded that the average grade of the population:

27. Independent samples are obtained from two normal populations with equal variances in order to construct a confidence interval estimate for the difference between the population means. If the first sample contains 18 items and the second sample contains 38 items, the correct form to use for the sampling distribution is the:

28. Use the following situation for Questions 28 - 33. A statistics teacher wants to see if there is any difference in the abilities of students enrolled in statistics today and those enrolled five years ago. A sample of final examination scores from students enrolled today and from students enrolled five years ago was taken. You are given the following results.

	Today	5 Years Age
Mean	85	98
Variance	114.5	64
Sample Size	55	38

The difference between the means of the two populations is (d bar) =

29. The standard deviation of the difference between the means of the two populations is:

30. The 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population means is:

31. The test statistic for the difference between the two population means is:

32.The p-value for the difference between the two population means is:

33. What is the conclusion that can be reached about the difference in the average final examination scores between the two classes? (Use a .05 level of significance.)

34. Use the following situation for Questions 34-38. The director of a regional hospital is interested in determining whether or not the proportion of incoming female patients who needs a pap-smear has increased. A sample of female patients taken several years ago is compared with a sample of female patients this year. Results are summarized below.

	Sample Size	No Requiring Pap-Smear
Previous Sample	260	60
Present Sample	400	89

The difference between the two proportions is:

35. The pooled proportion has a value of:

36. The interest of the director represents a:

37. The test statistics for this test is:

38. If the test is to be done with an alpha =.05, what is your inference about the null hypothesis?

39. Know the contextual applications of the independent sample t-test which is also called the two-samples t-test as compared to that of the paired samples t-test. 40. Know how to interpret a very strong linear correlation between two quantitative variables. Note that linear correlation coefficient can never be greater than 1 or less than -1.

41. Know the applications of multiple linear regression, what can be done and cannot be done using the model. This includes how it would help you to account for potential confounding effects of variables.

42. Use the Following Situation for Questions 42-45. You are given the following information about y and x.

Y Dependent Variables	X Independent Variables
7	17
8	14
6	8
12	9

The least squares estimate of b₁ equals:

43. The least squares estimate of b₀ equals:

44. The sample correlation coefficient equals:

45. The coefficient of determination equals:

46. A researcher selected residents from each of three different cities to determine if they were willing to participate in a medical experiment. At alpha = 0.05, test the claim that the proportions who will participate are equal.

Residents	City 1	City 2	City 3
Willing to participate	30	18	30
Not willing to participate	35	47	35
Total	65	65	65

47. A researcher is comparing samples from 5 different populations. Assume that the conclusion from an ANOVA is that the null hypothesis is rejected, in other words that the 5 population means are not all equal. How many of the population means would be significantly different from the others?

48. Use the following situation for Questions 48-50. A research firm reported that 17% of those surveyed described their health as poor, 24% as good, 43% as very good, and 20% as excellent. A health professional in Chicago wanted to determine if people in Chicago had similar feelings toward their health. In a sample of 600 people in Chicago, 72 described their health as poor, 178 as good, 212 as very good, and 138 as excellent.

Complete the chart above and below by filling in the observed and expected values.

Rating	Observed	Expected
Poor
Good
Very Good
Excellent

49. Calculate the test statistic ________ (to two decimal places, i.e 2.34). Note that this test statistic is used to test the null hypothesis that the proportion of people in Chicago who rate their health as poor, good, very good, and excellent are not significantly different.

50. Based on the computed test statistic value and associated p-value, assuming an alpha level of 0.05, what is your conclusion about the null hypothesis of the proportion of people in Chicago who rate their health as poor, good, very good, and excellent are not significantly different?