. Know the tools of the discovery process to prepare for a trial. . Know whether the law can compel any government ofcial, even the president, to testify in a civil case. . Understand the doctrine of stare decisis (standing by the decision) in common law systems, including the idea of precedent. Stare decisis is a common-law principle that is fundamental to the US. modern system of justice. Know its benets. . Know the different types of judicial opinions (e.g., unanimous, majority, concurring, dissenting) and the relative value of each in establishing precedent. . Know the meaning of a case being remanded. . Know the difference between dicta and a holding in a judicial opinion, and be able to spot it when given an opinion. . Understand utilitarianism and that it was rst developed byJeremy Bentham. 10. Understand the concept of federalism, especially that it is understood to be a union of states under the umbrella of a central government. 11.Be able to identify and distinguish between normative judgments and non normative statements