lesson title: fall of the marcos regime: factors leading to people power (part 2)

please read content notes for your reference and answer the following activities 1-6

Activity 2. Hook Activity Arrange the following events in order. 1. Declaration of Martial Law 2 . Death of Ninoy Aquino 3. Ratification of the 1973 Constitution 4. EDSA People Power 5 . Snap Elections DEVELOPING THE SKILL Activity 3. Reading comprehension: Pre-printed Concept Notes. Read the concept notes and highlight important information. Despite the absolute rule of Marcos, specific factors converged and eventually led to the fall of the dictatorship and the eventual restoration of democracy in the Philippines. The excerpt below is written by Sarah Jessica Wong, Francis Kristoffer Pasion, and Coline Esther Cardeno for the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines website. The copy is taken from M. Quezon's (editor) Heroism, Heritage, and Nationhood: Essays and Features from the Official Gazette, pp. 202-225. E. The Failure of the Snap Election of 1986 In the first week of November 1985, when President Marcos was interviewed in the David Brinkley Show, he stated his intention to call for a snap election, even going so far as to invite the members of the US Congress to observe, calling the accusation of fraud as unfounded. This, it seems, was an attempt to consolidate support and show the United States the legitimacy of the Marcos administration. The announcement for a snap election within three months was ahead of schedule; the next regular elections were supposed to be held in 1987. The President was overconfident; he disregarded the objections of his family, his Cabinet, and his party. Cory Aquino announced her intention to run if a snap election was to be held, and if she had the support of a million citizens. She was successful in gaining this support. The opposition, therefore had two frontrunners: Aquino, and former Senator Salvador "Doy" Laurel. However, in the same year, on December 7, Laurel decided to give way to Aquino. Though initially reluctant, Laurel was eventually convinced that their tandem was theconvince President Marcos for an orderly succession. Previously, Aquino had been incarcerated by the military for seven years before being released for bypass surgery in the United States. Aquino landed in the Manila International Airport via China Airlines Flight 811 at 1:05 p.m. on August 21, and was escorted by armed men out of the plane. Minutes later, gunshots were heard. The former senator was shot dead by an assassin's bullet to the head. When the news of Ninoy's death spread, approximately seven million came to his funeral procession on August 31, the biggest and longest in Philippine history. This singular event further eroded the people's support of the Marcos regime. Activity 4. Practice Exercise Hin Answer the following questions in not less than five sentences. 1. Why was the health of President Marcos a factor to his downfall? 2. How did the collapse of the Philippine economy bolster the revolutionary opposition? 3. How did the assassination of Ninoy Aquino affect Marcos?Lesson Title: Fall of the Marcos Regime: Factors Leading to People Materials: Power (Part 2) Worksheet Lesson Objectives: References: 1. To discuss the major factors that led to the downfall of the Marcos regime. 2. To highlight the opposition of the people against the Marcos regime. 3. To understand the sequence of events which led to the EDSA People Power. INTRODUCTION This lesson will discuss the downfall of the Marcos administration. First it will discuss the different contributing factors. Second, it will highlight the different sectors in society who opposed Marcos. Lastly, it will present the sequence of events which finally led to the EDSA People Power. LESSON TARGETS 1. I can understand the major factors that led to the downfall of the Marcos regime. 2. I can understand the sequence of events which led to the EDSA People Power. LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW Activity 1. Pretest Fill up the table below. Opposition to Martial Law Revolutionary Reformist Opposition Religious Opposition Opposition Who were they? Why did they oppose? How did they oppose?rethink their strategy, and the coup was postponed for the following year. When Marcos was proclaimed the winner in the fraudulent February 7 elections, the RAM leaders agreed to launch their coup at 2:00 a.m. ("H- hour") on Sunday, February 23, 1986. Yet for all the RAM leaders' confidence in their plan, they did not have the command experience to successfully carry out the complicated operation. The rebels only realized that their plan had been compromised on the Friday night before the coup, when Honasan and Kapunan saw a large number of troops amassing at Malacanang. They informed Enrile about the situation, and the assault on the palace had to be called off. Faced with only two options-dispersing or regrouping-Enrile chose the latter as the "more honorable" option. He announced his defection from Marcos on Saturday night in a press conference at Camp Aguinaldo, alongside Lieutenant General Fidel V. Ramos, Ver's deemed successor. At 9:00 p.m., Jaime Cardinal Sin made his famous announcement over Radio Veritas, beseeching the people to bring food and gather at Camps Aguinaldo and Crame to support Enrile and Ramos. An hour later, Enrile finally reached Cory Aquino via telephone. Aquino was at an anti-Marcos rally in Cebu City. She was informed of the coup, but she was also suspicious of Enrile's motives. Half a day later, she announced her support for the rebellion and asked the people to help. On that first night, people came to EDSA by the thousands with whatever provisions they could offer: pans of pancit, boxes of pizza, tins of biscuits, bunches of bananas. Edwin Lacierda, presidential spokesperson of President Benigno S. Aquino III, was there to witness: "More than a rally," he recalls, "all of us came to EDSA to break bread and fellowship with all who were willing to stand in the line of fire and take the bullet, as it were, for freedom and change of government." Thus began the four-day EDSA People Power Revolution. The revolution was a peaceful one, with soldiers being coaxed with food, prayers, flowers, and cheers by people from all walks of life who sat, stood, and knelt in prayer in front of the tanks. For instance, on February 24, the government-controlled Channel 4 was liberated by women who were sent into the compound to negotiate with the loyalist soldiers. Church-owned radio station Radio Veritas did a marathon coverage of the revolution; disc jockey June Keithley, who averaged seventeen hours on air daily over the four days, kept the public informed in between airings of Ang Bayan Ko, Tie a Yellow Ribbon, and a curiously resurrected political jingle from the 1950s called Mambo Magsaysay. After Marcos lost complete control of the military, his presidency came to an end the following day, on February 25, 1986.against communism. However, the provincial clergy started becoming radicalized after seeing the effects of the Marcos dictatorship on the poor. They formed Christians for National Liberation, which clandestinely used Church "social action" programs to get foreign funding through private donor agencies that shared the same views. B. Marcos' Health and the Issue of Succession As early as 1979, the health of President Marcos had been deteriorating. This was kept a secret at first, but it was common knowledge then that Marcos was already sick, especially at the time of the assassination of Ninoy Aquino. Marcos' health status worsened by mid-November of 1984. Blas Ople, Marcos' Minister of Labor, divulged the situation for the first time on record on December 3, 1984, saying that Marcos was "in control but cannot take major initiatives at this time." He stated that, "The health of our leader is undergoing certain vicissitudes, problems which started a year ago." On October 28, 1985, according to congressional and US intelligence sources quoted by the Washington Post, Marcos was diagnosed with an "incurable, recurring sickness" called systemic lupus erythematosus. This disease was further complicated by Marcos' diabetes. C. The Collapse of the Philippine Economy Economist James Boyce commented, "If the central aim of economic development is the reduction of poverty, then the Philippine development strategy in the Marcos era was an abysmal failure." In the last years of the Marcos regime, the Philippine economy was almost grinding to a halt. This was so, despite the fact that the Marcos administration implemented its three-pronged development strategy: (1) The green revolution in agriculture, (2) growth and diversity in agricultural and forestry exports, and (3) massive external borrowing. The profit from these three strategies were amassed disproportionately to the wealthiest in the population, thereby causing a large disparity between the rich and the poor. The impoverishment of the economy led to the loss of support of the middle class and the small-time landowners and farmers in the regions on the Marcos administration. Poverty, aside from human rights violations by the military, also became a means for rebel groups to recruit citizens to their cause. In 1978, the strength of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) grew from 6,900 to over 20,000 regulars. In 1980, the New People's Army formed 26 guerrilla fronts with over 16,000 regulars, and the Communist Party of the Philippines have attracted 40,000 mass activists. D. The Assassination of Ninoy Aquino After three years of exile in the United States, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., the foremost leader of the Marcos opposition, decided to come back to the Philippines, intending to restore democracy in the country andActivity 5. Windshield Check Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if not. 1 . The religious sector started to oppose Marcos when they saw the effects of the Marcos dictatorship on the poor. 2 . The revolutionary opposition was composed of members of the upper-middle class. 3. The impoverishment of the economy led the people to be sympathetic to the rebel cause. 4. Marcos tolerated the reformist opposition 5 . Marcos poorly managed the Philippine economy Activity 6. 3-2-1 Chart What are the 3 things you have learned in this lesson? Explain. What are 2 things you found interesting in this lesson? Why did you find them interesting? What is 1 question you still have? What will you do to find the answer to this question?EDSA People Power From February 22 to 25, 1986, hundreds of thousands of people amassed at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), Metro Manila's main thoroughfare, calling for the peaceful ouster of the dictator. On February 25, 1986, Corazon C. Aquino and Salvador H. Laurel took their oaths in Club Filipino as President and Vice President respectively. Meanwhile, Marcos was inaugurated in the Ceremonial Hall of the Malacanan Palace and delivered his inaugural address in Maharlika Hall (now Kalayaan Hall) on that same day. Rocked by key military and political defections and the overwhelming popular support for Aquino, Marcos was forced to depart with his family a few hours later for exile in Hawaii, effectively ending Marcos' two- decade long dictatorial rule. By March 1986, intelligence sources surfaced indicating that President Marcos was planning to stage widespread bombing and arson operations throughout Manila, so he could impose another martial law- called "Operation Everlasting." The plan was to neutralize all opposition by arresting all opposition leaders, the entire executive council of NAMFREL and the RAM rebels in a planned concentration camp in Caballo Island near Corregidor. Hence, the EDSA People Power Revolution averted a resumption of an oppressive regime. that would have curtailed the country's civil liberties in the years to come. Activity 4. Practice Exercise Answer the following questions. Explain in just one paragraph with five to ten sentences. 1. Why did Marcos call for a snap election? 5The Collapse of the Philippine Economy The Assassination of Ninoy Aquino The Failure of the Snap Election of 1986 Coup Plot by the RAM Activity 6. Windshield Check Arrange the following events in order 1. Snap elections of 1986 2. Cory Aquino announced her intention to run 3. Jaime Cardinal Sin asked the people to protect Ramos and Enrile 4 . RAM Coup de etat 5 . Corazon C. Aquino and Salvador H. Laurel took their oaths as President and Vice President respectively 6. Ramos and Enrile's defection from the military 7. Four-day EDSA People Power Revolution 8. Marcos forced to leave the country 9. Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and Arturo Tolentino as the winners 10. President Marcos stated his intention to call for a snap electionLesson Title: Fall of the Marcos Regime: Factors Leading to People Materials: Power (Part 1) Worksheet Lesson Objectives: 1. To discuss the major factors that led to the downfall of the References: Marcos regime. 2. To highlight the opposition of the people against the Marcos regime. 3. To understand the sequence of events which led to the EDSA People Power. INTRODUCTION This lesson will discuss the downfall of the Marcos administration. First it will discuss the different contributing factors. Second, it will highlight the different sectors in society who opposed Marcos. Lastly, it will present the sequence of events which finally led to the EDSA People Power. LESSON TARGETS 1. I can understand the major factors that led to the downfall of the Marcos regime. 2. I can understand the sequence of events which led to the EDSA People Power. LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW Activity 1. Pretest Let's assume you are now living in 1972. In one paragraph (5-10 sentences) describe the changes you can see in your society right after Marcos declared Martial Law.only way the opposition stood a chance against the overwhelming influence of Marcos and the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), and decided to run as Aquino's vice president. Massive poll fraud and rampant cheating marred the vote on the day of the elections, February 7, 1986. Thousands of registered voters-who had voted successfully in previous elections-found their names suspiciously missing from the lists. Approximately 850 foreign correspondents flew in to observe, including a delegations headed by U.S. senators and congressmen, who saw vote rigging happen. On February 9, 35 COMELEC employees and computer operators at the COMELEC Tabulation Center walked out in protest due to the wide discrepancy between the computer tabulation and the tally board, showing blatant manipulation of electoral results. In the countryside, precincts were hounded by the military and ballot-rigging was rampant. NAMFREL, in turn, showed Aquino in the lead with almost 70 percent of the votes canvassed. By February 15, 1986, in an unprecedented announcement that was met with public outrage, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and Arturo Tolentino as the winners of the presidential and vice- presidential race respectively, by virtue of Resolution No. 38. Opposition assemblymen walked out of the Session Hall in protest. This led to the opposition's indignation rally in Luneta the next day where Cory Aquino spoke to around two million people in Luneta, in what would be known as the Tagumpay ng Bayan rally. At the event, Aquino called for massive civil disobedience and boycott of Marcos-crony owned companies and products. The Aquino- Laurel ticket also proclaimed victory. F. Coup Plot by the RAM The Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) emerged in 1982 as a small, secret group intent on strengthening military rule through a coup d'etat. Initially, it was composed of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and a RAN handful of regular officers from the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), who harbored resentment against General Fabian Ver, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Plans for a Christmas coup in 1985 were started in August, but when President Marcos unexpectedly called for snap elections in November, RAM leaders had to2. How did the snap elections fail? 3. What was the goal of the supposed coup planned by the RAM? 4. Why was the EDSA People Power considered as a peaceful revolution? Activity 5. Guided Practice Summarize in three to five sentence how each factors contributed to the downfall of Marcos. Opposition to Martial Law in the 1970s Marcos' Health and the Issue of Successionmiddle class. Using nonviolent tactics, they advocated political (not necessarily socioeconomic) reforms. However, the reformist opposition was not a united movement, but an amalgamation of different middle- and upper-class groups who had different motives. It was for this reason that Marcos tolerated them, so long as they were incapable of viably replacing him or attaining the support of the masses. Revolutionary Opposition The government's use of communist and secessionist threats as justification for Martial Law only contributed to the growth of the political opposition and the amassing of recruits to the New People's Army (NPA) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in the provinces in the 1970s. When Martial Law was declared, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was immediately mobilized. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) strengthened as Marcos' dictatorship weakened. Following the principle of "centralized command, decentralized operations," the CPP established autonomous, regional, self-sustaining chapters all over the Philippines. Not only did this give CPP cadres more freedom to experiment with tactics appropriate to their localities, it also helped them survive the loss of many original leaders, either to prison or death. In November, 1977, the Armed Forces scored an important victory over the communist rebels with the capture of Jose Maria Sison and other important party leaders leading to the disarray of the Communist Party. But the triumph was short-lived and was too late as the influence of the CPP grew stronger within the provinces. Religious Opposition Martial Law also faced opposition from the religious sector. Mainline Protestant churches have been vocal in their opposition of the dictatorship since 1972; by 1978, they were holding mass protest actions, and by 1981, they held boycott campaigns for the April plebiscite and the June presidential elections. Meanwhile the Catholic Church, which sympathized with Marcos' anti- communism, maintained a position of "critical collaboration" while paying attention to the opposition among its members. This allowed it a degree of autonomy when it came to carrying out their social projects, which focused on alleviating poverty and defending the poorActivity 2. Hook Activity Several individuals opposed the imposition of Martial Law in the Philippines since it took away the fundamental freedoms people enjoyed. Based on our previous discussions, what were the freedoms that the Martial Law suppressed? List down below. Freedoms Suppressed by Martial Law DEVELOPING THE SKILL Activity 3. Reading comprehension: Pre-printed Concept Notes. Read the concept notes and highlight important information. Despite the absolute rule of Marcos, specific factors converged and eventually led to the fall of the dictatorship and the eventual restoration of democracy in the Philippines. The excerpt below is written by Sarah Jessica Wong, Francis Kristoffer Pasion, and Coline Esther Cardeno for the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines website. The copy is taken from M. Quezon's (editor) Heroism, Heritage, and Nationhood: Essays and Features from the Official Gazette, pp. 202-225. Factors that led to the Fall of the Dictatorship A. Opposition to Martial Law in the 1970s Popular anti-Marcos sentiment existed for the duration of Martial Law. According to David Wurfel, there were three paramount types of opposition to martial law during the 1970s: reformist opposition, revolutionary opposition, and religious opposition. Reformist Opposition The reformist opposition, also known as the legal opposition, was composed of members of the upper