Liam is the head of the Buildings and Grounds Department at Waterford$-$Beckman Company, a small manufacturing firm. Recently, the firm that was handling refuse disposal for Waterford$-$Beckman declared bankruptcy, and Liam was asked to recommend another hauler who would provide good service at a reasonable price. Three months earlier, Liam's brother$-$in$-$law had started a refuse disposal business. Unfortunately, he was having difficulty soliciting contracts since most area companies already had arrangements with other haulers. Liam instructed his brother$-$in$-$law to submit a bid at $10\%$ below what the now bankrupt firm had been charging. He did not seek any other bids. On the basis of that single bid, Liam recommended his brother$-$in$-$law's company as the new hauler for Waterford$-$Beckman. The decision making model that was used in this example would best be characterized as the $\_\_\_\_$ model.