List the major steps in the implementation process and describe them briefly using a diagram. Why is implementation an important subject? Please give a detailed explanation.
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Chapter 14 Implementation Issues: From Ethics and Privacy to Organizational and Societal Impacts 729 potential future of intelligent systems and introduce the big debate regarding the dangers versus possible benefits of intelligent systems and particularly robots and AI. Sources: Compiled from A. Marshall & A. Davies. (2018, February 9). \"The End of Waymo v. Uber Marks a New Era for Self-Driving Cars: Reality.\" Wired; A. Sage, et al. (2018, February 9). \"Waymo Accepts $245 Million and Uber's 'Regret' to Settle Self-Driving Car Dispute.\" Reuters (Business News); K. Kokalitcheva. (2017, May 9). \"The Full History of the Uber-Waymo Legal Fight.\" Axios. 14.2 IMPLEMENTING INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW Now that you have learned the essentials of analytics, data science, artificial intelligence, and decision support activities, you may be tempted to ask: What can I do with all this in my organization? You learned about the great benefits and you read about numerous companies that use intelligent systems. So, what you should do next? First read some of the resources recommended in this book so you will have a better understanding about the technologies. Next, read this chapter that deals with the major issues that are involved in implementing intelligent systems in organizations. Implementing business analytic/AI systems can be a complex undertaking. In addition to specific issues found in intelligent systems, there are issues that are common to many other computer-based information systems. In this section, we describe the major types of issues, some of which are discussed in this chapter. For several success AI implementation factors revealed in a survey of 3000 executives, see Bughin, McCarthy, and Chui (2017). The Intelligent Systems Implementation Process This chapter is divided into three parts. In the first part, we describe some managerialrelated implementation issues. In the second part, we describe the impacts of intelligent technologies on organizations, management, work, and jobs. The last part deals with technology trends and the future of intelligent technologies. The implementation process of intelligent systems is similar to the generic process of other information systems. Therefore, we will present it only briefly. The process is illustrated in Figure 14.1. THE MAJOR STEPS OF IMPLEMENTATION The major steps are: Step 1 Need assessment. Need assessment needs to provide the business case for the intelligent systems, including their major parts. (This is a generic IT step and will not be discussed here.) Step 2 Preparations. In this step, it is necessary to examine the organization readiness for analytics and AI. It is necessary to check available resources, employees' Need Assessment Business Case Priority FIGURE 14.1 Preparation System Development Readiness status Make or buy? Available resources Partnership Employees' attitude Legal privacy and ethics Implementation Process. Drawn by E. Turban Deployment Security Integration Impact Assessment Success analysis Failure analysis Compare to targets Impact on people Impact on productivity 730 Part V Caveats of Analytics and AI attitudes for the change, projects' priorities, and so on. This generic IT activity will not be discussed here. However, it is useful to think about legal, privacy, and ethical issues as they are related to intelligent technologies as described in Section 14.3. Step 3 System acquisition. Organizations need to decide on in-house or outsourcing approach (make or buy) or on a combination of the two and possibly with partnership with a vendor or another company. A consultant may help at this step. It is a generic IT step that will not discussed here. Step 4 System development. Regardless of who will develop the system, certain activities need to be done. These include security, integration with other systems, project management preparation, and other activities. Again, many of those are generic and will not be described here. Only selected ones are described in Section 14.4. Step 5 Impact assessment. It is necessary to check the performance of the systems against plans. Again, this is a generic issue that will not be covered here. The Impacts of Intelligent Systems Intelligent systems are impacting all our lives and many businesses and other organizations. It is much easier to find what is not impacted than what is impacted. In this section, we divide these impacts into three categories as shown in Figure 14.2 with the section numbers where they are presented. We exclude from this list the impact on individuals and quality of life, which is a very large field (health, education, entertainment, crime fighting, social services, etc.). Example Here is the example in the entertainment field. In the near future, when you go Disneyland, Disney World, or one of the Disney International Parks, you will see highflying acrobatic robots. You will see them everywhere there, and it is amazing. For a preview, watch the following videos: money.cnn.com/videoews/2018/07/04/disneyrobots-acrobatics-stuntronics-animatronics.cnnmoney/index.html and youtube. com/watch?v=Z_QGsNpI0J8. Impacts of Intelligent Systems Impacts on Organization Structure Employees Management & D/M Industries Competition Section 14.5 FIGURE 14.2 Impact Landscape. Work and Jobs Potential Unintended Impacts Jobs to be automated Safe jobs Changes on the nature of work Dangers of AI and robots Dangers of analytical model Mitigating the dangers Section 14.6 Section 14.7 Drawn by E. Turban
