Manage Files and Backups. $($ you have $5$ users, $1,2,3,4$ &$5)$

$11)$ Create directories for each department $($math$,$ sports, HR$,$ IT$,$ marketing$)$ at the root of the filesystem.

$12)$ Configure standard Linux permissions and ownership such that each group only has access to its own departmental directories.

$13)$ Use Octal permissions to permit one user $($and only one user$)$ account to have read permission to the $/$IT directory.

$14)$ Add another one of your existing user accounts to the sports group.

$15)$ Use each of these two user$$s accounts to create one file each in the $/$sports directory.

$16)$ Create a file named LinksTest.txt in the $/$opt directory, and then create a symbolic link to it in the $/$math directory called link.

$17)$ Use Vim to add the following line of text to the file LinksTest.txt through the $/$opt$/$LinksTest$.$txt path $$This is the line that I have added$.$

$18)$ Create $5$ files in the $/$tmp directory: $1.$txt$,2.$txt$,3.$txt$,4.$txt$,5.$txt$.$

$19)$ Use tar and gzip to bundle and compress the files.

$20)$ Extract these files to $1$s home directory from your tarball.

Explain each of the steps you have followed to complete the Tasks $615$ given above. The explanation will include:

$21)$ The commands used, including flags.

$22)$ Screenshots demonstrating the command input and the result.

$23)$ One screenshot demonstration that the permissions have been set, $($For example, the sports group has access to the $/$sports directory but not to other departments' directories.$)$

$24)$ Output of files $($such as $/$etc$/$passwd$)$ to demonstrate that the home directories and groups have been successfully added.

$25)$ An output of your command history file that shows the use of each of the commands that you have explained.

Explain the fundamental elements of the Linux$/$Unix systems.

$41)$ Linux Kernel: Describe the role of the Linux kernel in the operating system. Include in your explanation how it interacts with the hardware of a computer and the software applications running on it$.$

$42)$ File System Hierarchy: Explain the Linux file system hierarchy, focusing on the structure and purpose of the root directory $(/)$ and its immediate subdirectories $($e$.$g$.,/$bin$,/$etc$,/$home$,/$var$).$ How does this

structure support system organization and security?

$43)$ System Organisation and Security: Discuss how the File System Hierarchy Structure supports system organisation and security.

$44)$ Process Management: Discuss how Linux manages processes. Include in your answer an explanation of process

states $($running$,$ sleeping, stopped, zombie$),$ how Linux creates and terminates processes, and the significance of process IDs $($PID$).$

$45)$ Permissions and Ownership: Explain the Linux system of permissions and ownership. How does Linux control access to files and directories? Include in your explanation the concepts of user, group, and others, as

well as the read, write, and execute permissions.

Your supervisor has come to you and asked that all files have $\text{'}777\text{'}$ permissions

$46)$ Explain what you would say to your supervisor regarding the request that all files have $777$

permissions and why this may be a bad idea.

System Updates and Patch Management:

$47)$ Explain the process of checking for and applying system updates in Linux using the

command line.

$$ Include the commands used.

$48)$ Explain what function the commands perform.

$$ Include screenshots to support your explanation.

$49)$ Explain why keeping the system updated is critical for security?

$50)$ Explain the purpose of the auth.log file.

$$ Include an output from the file showing the process of a root login$.$