Managerial accounting.Economic approaches to organisations: Economic theory is concerned with understanding the mechanism for the allocation of limited resources to achieve unlimited wants. In a free market, the price system is the mechanism for allocating resources between competing wants. Thus, markets allow the interaction of producers and consumers. One of the key elements in business economics is the focus on those activities of the business that are related to profit maximisation. This assumes that the overall mission of the organisation is ultimately to create as much profit as possible, for as long as possible. This would therefore be the guiding principle for all decisions made by managers, at all levels of the organization.

Question 1 Please could you tell me the normal range of values for the liver function test serum alkaline phosphatase. The only mention of the parameters is that a reading of 1000 serious liver condition.

Question 2 What is the best single test of liver function to exclude liver cell failure in the routine work-up of a patient with early dementia? Question 3 How valuable is the measurement of the liver span in a physical examination?

Question 4 Why has the term 'chronic liver disease' replaced terms such as 'chronic hepatitis'? What exactly does this new term mean and what conditions does it cover?

Question 5 Can jaundice occur early in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and, if so, how?

Question 6 My patient has been found to have a serum bilirubin of 34 mol/L (2 mg/dL) on three occasions. The other liver tests are normal. He tells me he has Gilbert's disease; how can I prove this?

Question 7 Why is urinary urobilinogen increased in haemolytic jaundice? If the bilirubin in this condition is unconjugated, how does it reach the terminal ileum to be converted into urobilinogen?

Question 8 How does cholestatic jaundice affect the kidney?

Question 9 What is the mechanism by which cholestatic jaundice causes bradycardia?

Question 10 Are 'jaundice' and 'icterus' one and the same? I was taught that icterus is yellowing of the sclera, while jaundice is yellowing of the skin and the mucous membranes. As a result, carotenaemia can produce jaundice but not icterus: is this so? I would be grateful if you would clarify this for me.

Question 11 I am a third-year student nurse and am currently researching a case study based on the biopsychosocial history of a patient who suffers from chronic hepatitis C, which initially occurred as a result of injecting drugs. I am confused about the biological effect of hepatitis: how exactly does it affect the liver?