Many countries have become reliant on extractive industries to try to improve their economic standing. While some countries have become rich and overall improved the quality of life for their citizens (e.g., Saudi Arabia), others have been less successful and their populations remain impoverished and at risk (e.g., Nigeria). Modern extractive industries include not only petroleum products, but also rare earths such as lithium. These developments that are focused on extractive industries of a finite resource are challenges to which of the following?

Answer Option:

a. Profit sustainability

b. Economic sustainability

c. Population expansion

d. Economic expansion