Maple recently attended a seminar on management techniques being used by leading educational institutions that, among other topics, covered the basics of the ABC approach. She likes the idea of being able to assign indirect costs to academic programs on the basis of how much of the support activity resources are consumed by each program. If Maple's instincts are correct in that some programs consume more resources of certain activities than others, this could have a significant impact on the overhead costs assigned to each under the ABC approach. Upon returning to NCC, Maple decides to implement ABC. She, along with the Assistant CFO, James West, begins by identifying the key activities used to support the teaching programs. Rather than getting too detailed with respect to identifying activities in the initial implementation, Maple decides to keep the process manageable and comes up with six key activities. Next, base on a series of interviews with various NCC employees who work in the departments covered by the identified activities, Maple and West estimate the percentage of the total administrative, facility, and office expense resources consumed by each activity. Again, to keep the process efficient, Maple rounds all percentages to the nearest 5%, figuring that a "close enough" approach will suffice for this initial implementation and recognizing that the estimates are subjective to begin with. The results are shown below: Working with key personnel from each of the six activities shown above, Maple and West then identify the activity measure and the quantity of that measure used for each teaching program. Fortunately, NCC implemented an enterprise resource planning system a few years ago, which is already tracking much of the information needed regarding the activity measures and the specific quantities for each academic program: Traditionally, NCC has allocated overhead costs to academic programs on the basis of the number of full-time students in each program. This approach was deemed appropriate since Maple reasoned that increasing the number of students at NCC would result in higher overhead costs (e.g. more facilities would be needed, more indirect support costs would be incurred, etc.). However, Maple is beginning to question the accuracy of the traditional approach since it results in a similar full cost per student for the arts and technology programs, which she feels doesn't make sense. Based on her knowledge of the programs, Maple feels that the technology program is probably more expensive to deliver than the arts program, but this does not come through in the traditional costing approach. Required: 1. Using the traditional approach to assigning overhead costs to academic programs: Northern Community College ( NCC ) has 4,000 full-time students and offers a variety of academic programs in three areas: professional studies, arts and technology. The professional studies programs prepare students for administrative and clerical jobs in a variety of professional settings, including accounting, medicine and law. The arts program's offerings are wide ranging and include graphic design, digital animation, culinary arts, cosmetology, and music arts. The technology programs are also varied, including information technology, medical laboratory technology, electrical engineering technology, pharmacy technology, and natural resources technology. The chief financial officer of NCC, Lynn Maple, has consistently emphasized to other members of the senior management team the importance of understanding the costs of delivering the various academic programs. To that end, the costing system used at NCC tracks the direct costs of each program, which are shown below on an annual basis, along with the number of full-time students: It is very important to understand the overhead costs consumed by each academic program at NCC in determining the full cost of operating the programs. Central administration at NCC allocates financial resources to academic programs based on the estimated full cost per student of delivering the program. The overhead costs at NCC are significant, totaling over 60% of direct costs. Total annual overhead costs at NCC are as follows: a. Calculate the predetermined overhead rate. b. Assign the overhead costs to each academic program using the predetermined rate. c. Calculate the total cost per student (direct costs plus overhead) of operating each academic program. 2. Using ABC, complete the following requirements: a. Complete the first-stage allocation of overhead costs to academic programs. b. Calculate the activity rates for each of the activity cost pools. c. Using the activity rates calculated in (b), complete the second-stage allocation of overhead to academic programs. 3. Based on the results of (2), calculate the total cost per student (direct costs plus overhead) of operating each academic program. 4. Draft a memo to Maple explaining the key reasons for differences in the total cost per student of operating each academic program that arise between traditional costing approach and ABC