Marlys wants to create a series of memes that will educate college students about high risk strains of human papilloma virus $($HPV$),$ a sexually transmitted infection that increases risk of certain types of cancer. She became passionate about this issue after a friend of hers, who is in a terminal stage of cervical cancer associated with HPV$,$ asks her to help educate others by taking and showing photos of her when she is weak, emaciated and obviously very ill. Are such scare tactics likely to be effective?

a$.$ Absolutely not. They will upset people so much they will shut down.

b$.$ Possibly, but only for people who believe they are not at risk themselves.

c$.$ Yes, but only if Marlys includes a clear message about what to do to decrease risk.

d$.$ Definitely. Fear almost always spurs people to take preventive action.