Marsha Jones has bought a used Mercedes horse transporter for her Connecticut estate. It cost $43,000. The object is to save on horse transporter rentals. Marsha had been renting a transporter every other week for $208 per day plus $1.40 per mile. Most of the trips are 80 or 100 miles in total. Marsha usually gives Joe Laminitis, the driver, a $35 tip. With the new transporter she will only have to pay for diesel fuel and maintenance, at about $0.53 per mile. Insurance costs for Marshas transporter are $1,600 per year. The transporter will probably be worth $23,000 (in real terms) after eight years, when Marshas horse Spike will be ready to retire. Assume a nominal discount rate of 9% and a 2% forecasted inflation rate. Marshas transporter is a personal outlay, not a business or financial investment, so taxes can be ignored. Calculate the NPV of the investment.