Meaning, nature, and scope of IR (30 Marks)

a. There are 3 levels of analysis in International Relations, Individual, State, and International. Explain clearly, using suitable examples, how the different levels interact with each other (10 Marks)

b. Two historical events led to the universalization of the Westphalian State System. Which are they and how did they lead to the state system as we know it today to become a global phenomenon? (10 Marks)

c. . . . Power is never permanently balanced, rather the states must be permanently engaged in the act of balancing power, of adjusting and refining it in response to the perpetual ebb and flow of power within the system. (Sheehan 1996: 13) Discuss, giving suitable examples, 3 ways in which states attempt to balance power in the international system. In your opinion, which is the best situation for stability in the international system? (10 Marks)

QUESTION TWO The modern state system (20 Marks)

a. Explain 3 characteristics of the state that make it an important actor in international relations. Give examples. (6 Marks)

b. Discuss 3 reasons why states go to war with each other. Give examples. (6 Marks)

c. Some international relations scholars have claimed that the sovereign state is dead (Krasner, Stephen .2001. Sovereignty Foreign Policy). In which areas can state sovereignty be said to have diminished? In which areas is state sovereignty still strong? (5 Marks)

d. What is anarchy and what effect, if any, does it have on international relations? (3 Marks)

QUESTION THREE IR Theories (20 Marks)

a) Why do liberal theorists think that relations among states might be relatively conciliatory despite the absence of a world government? (5 Marks)

b) Since the inception of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988, Kenya has enjoyed a relatively polio free status until 2006 when two imported cases from Somalia were confirmed in a refugee camp in Garissa. Since then, four outbreaks have occurred: 2009 (19 cases); 2011 (one case); 2012 (two cases); and 2013 (14 cases). Eighty percent of the five outbreak districts were near border countries with existing cases. As a government advisor:

i. Propose 2 inter- governmental policies to manage the situation described above. (6 Marks)

ii. Which local and international actors would you work with to achieve your objectives? (6 Marks)

iii. Which Theory would inform your policy formulation and why? (3 Marks)

QUESTION FOUR International Institutions (20 Marks)

a) Explain four ways international institutions facilitate co-operations among states (8 Marks)

b) Describe 3 types of international organizations? (Give 2 examples of each) Explain what differentiates them from each other. (6 Marks)

c) many states are very weak and have come to rely increasingly on NGOs to perform tasks that would previously have been done by the state (Elias and Sutch, 2007) How is this statement true about Kenya? Discuss, providing suitable examples. (6 Marks)

QUESTION FIVE International Political Economy (20 Marks)

a) Discuss 3 factors that influence international trade (9 Marks)

b) Despite the higher returns possible from investing in poor countries, most Foreign Direct Investment flows from wealthy country to wealthy country. Why do investors stay away from profitable opportunities in poor countries? (6 Marks)

c) What motivates multinational corporations (M NCs) to engage in foreign direct investment? (5 Marks)