Module Overview Faced with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, Sultan Mahmud II initiated a set of social changes. Mahmud's successors followed with the Tanzimat, or \"reorganization,\" a sweeping set of reforms designed to modernize and Westernize the Ottoman Empire. Efforts to turn back the Tanzimat reforms prompted a rebellion by the Young Turks, proponents of industrialization and Turkish nationalism. Ottoman decline led North African leaders to assert their autonomy. Egypt's Muhammad Ali set out to transform Egypt's agriculture and commerce. Fearful of the emergence of a powerful Egypt, the European powers frustrated Muhammad Ali's political and economic ambitions. The construction of the Suez Canal further cemented Europe's interest in controlling Egypt. In the face of increased Western intrusions, Arab nationalism began to develop. At the start of the 19th century, several economic and political patterns prevailed south of the Sahara. Along the coastlines and the desert's southern edge were urban centers and independent kingdoms, many of whose economies depended on trade. In the interior, most Africans lived by farming and herding. Some of these areas began to change in the 1800s. The slave trade was outlawed, resulting in efforts to replace it with new economic enterprises, as well as efforts to continue it illegally by procuring captives from East Africa. These commercial changes coincided with the rise of new regional states, altering Africa's political landscape. Sultan Mahmud II was only one of the many Middle Eastern rulers in the past and the present who have sought to understand the West. Whether they have seen the West as a threat or an ally, one of the most difficult decisions that peoples in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East have had to make is what to adopt and what to reject. Much of this hinges on what they judge to be Western and what they judge to be modern. Modernity is not tied to any single culture. It is multicultural and multi-ethnic. To be modern is to participate in a global community. Modernity, however, is often confused with being Western. This SLP will focus on the difference between Western Culture and modern culture. Module 4 - Background ATTEMPTING MODERNITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1800-1912 Required Reading SLP Reading Lewis, B. (1997). The West and the Middle East. Foreign Affairs: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/1997-01-01/west-and-middle-east Module 4 - SLP ATTEMPTING MODERNITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1800-1912 This article by Bernard Lewis asks important questions about why Middle Eastern countries are often ambivalent about modernization. In the process, he reviews the key elements that create modernity, the theme of this course. Many of the elements of the modern world system he discusses will now be familiar. Others, such as the role of individualism, the separation of church and state, and women's rights, we have not had time to discuss. By creating this overview and asking what is uniquely part of Western culture and what is beyond culture, Lewis provides a capstone to the last three modules. His erudite musings help us ask: What is modernity? How did it come about? And where is it going? Read the information in the following article: Lewis, B. (1997). The West and the Middle East. Foreign Affairs. January/February. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/1997-01-01/west-and-middle-east Answer the following questions: What parts of the modern world does Lewis assign an origin in Western culture? What does Lewis mean by civil society? What part of the modern world developed in Islamic regions? What aspect of global modernity does Lewis believe has emerged from its identification with one or more cultures? SLP Assignment Expectations In the Module 4 SLP, you are expected to: Answer the questions clearly, using full sentences with correct grammar and spelling. Write one or two paragraphs on each question. Q1. What parts of the modern world does Lewis assign an origin in Western culture? Answer: The British, the Dutch, and the Portuguese became able to establish naval which proved imperial in establishing their supremacy over distant lands. These countries had also faced the challenge of the Atlantic, but efficiently retained their part of it to themselves. Subsequently, England, Dutch, France, Spain, and Portugal sharpened their naval skills on each other. This proved them to become commercially successful and the leaders of westernization. According to Lewis the modern school of thought associates the nature of Western society with individual freedom, human rights, limited government and citizenship where the citizens also had the right to participate in the formation, functioning, and, if necessary, dismissal of government. Q2. What does Lewis mean by civil society? Answer: As discussed by Lewis, a joint stock company established in England for trading purpose in the Levant was known as the Levant Company. The company was also a voluntary association of a group of people who had joined hands together for sharing of beliefs, purposes, policies, interests or projects. The relations in such associations were neither based on compulsory allegiance in which the ruled owe the ruler nor on the involuntary loyalty in which members owe the clan, the family, the sect, or the tribe. Such an intermediate level of relationships was unavailable in most Middle Eastern and other non-Western societies hence emergence of such relations was a characteristically and almost an exclusively, Western phenomenon. This kind of voluntary associations of people including groups as diverse as business corporations, trade unions, political parties, unestablished churches, independent colleges, clubs, and sports teams formed networks which resulted into development of the civil society. Q 3. What part of the modern world developed in Islamic regions? Answer: When the history is often divided into three parts: ancient, medieval, and modern, the medieval Europe marks the transition between antiquity, that is, Greece, Rome, and the ancient civilizations of the Middle East, and modernity, that is, ourselves. There were three types of shifts from antiquity to modernity including medieval Western Christendom, Greek Orthodox Christendom and the world of Islam. Similar to the two Christendoms, the Islamic world also accepted the heritage of antiquity, however, it made far better use of that heritage than made of the other two. The part of modern world that preserved, translated, and studied the Greek philosophy and a wide range of Greek sciences, long before Islamic nations became part of Equrope is known as the Islamic world today. It includes today, the Turkis, Arebic, Persian and some of the Asian regions specifically. Q4. What aspect of global modernity does Lewis believe has emerged from its identification with one or more cultures? Answer: In every era of human history, modernity has referred to the ways, norms, and standards of the dominant and expanding civilization. This means every dominant civilization has imposed its own modernity above all. For example, the Hellenistic kingdoms, the Roman Empire, the medieval Christendoms, and Islam, as well as the ancient civilizations of India and China. All these civilizations imposed their norms over a wide area and influenced people beyond their set boundaries. However, the modern Western civilization become the first civilization to identify and embrace the cultures around the whole planet. For example, when in the present era Ataturk recognized and as Indian computer scientists and Japanese high-tech companies appreciate, the dominant civilization is Western, and Western standards, this shall be called as modernity. The western civilization has incorporated many of the previous modernities, which makes it enriched by the contributions and influences of a number of its preceding cultures it in leadership including the British, the Persian, the Portuguese, the middle eastern etc. Reference: Lewis, B. (1997). The West and the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 114-130. \fQ1. What parts of the modern world does Lewis assign an origin in Western culture? Answer: In his article, Lewis discusses that the establishment of naval proved a milestone in declaring the supremacy of the British, the Dutch, and the Portuguese as these countries became able to commute through distant lands. These countries had overcome several challenges including that of deciding their parts in the Atlantic which was efficiently managed allowing the countries to retain their part of it to themselves. Overcoming such challenges of naval allowed these countries to perform commercial activities successfully through the ocean. This peaceful allocation of resources and commercial success of England, Dutch, France, Spain, and Portugal enabled them to recognition and respect the basic human rights which was the strong pillar the western world was built upon. Thus, according to Lewis, these commercially successful countries became the leaders of westernization. Q2. What does Lewis mean by civil society? Answer: In his article Lewis discusses about the formation of an English a joint stock company to perform commercial and trading activities in the Levant. This company was named as the Levant Company. This company was, in fact, a voluntary association of some people who had come together for achievement of common interests or purposes by acting upon projects based on a shared set of beliefs and mutually agreed policies. Hence, the relation between the members of this association was based common interests rather than individual policies or individual supremacy. There was no compulsion on anybody to abide by the rules formed by some ruler or some other person ruling upon them. Member were showing voluntary loyalty to the rules of the association. The members of this group were to act dutifully towards their clan, their family, their sect or their tribe at their own will without being forced by any external power. Such a mutually helpful level of relationships was peculiar to most of the Middle Eastern and other non-Western societies and was therefore, believed to be an exclusively western phenomenon. This phenomenon was practiced by people from diverse backgrounds and orientations including businessmen, trade unions, political parties, churches, independent colleges, clubs, and sports teams to form networks of common benefits. According to Lewis, this kind of voluntary associations of people where people from diverse orientation, background and interests had joined hands to for the sake of collective interest is called a civil society. (Lewis, 1997) Q 3. What part of the modern world developed in Islamic regions? Answer: The history is sometimes divided into three parts: ancient, medieval, and modern. There are also certain regions of the world that marked transition between antiquity and the modernity. Hence, our modern society is a chronological and philosophical transition of our ancient world. The major regions from our ancient world largely include the parts of medieval Europe, Greece, Rome and the ancient civilizations of the Middle East. The transition of time and civilization has lead the world to modernity, that is, the society we are living in currently. There were three types of transitions from antiquity to modernity including medieval Western Christendom, Greek Orthodox Christendom and the world of Islam. All these transitions from the antiquity to modernity involved acceptance of antiquity in the form of heritage. Though all the three types of transitions did this fairly, the world of Islam made far better use of its heritage when compared with that done by the other two. In the present day world there is a part that preserved, converted, and studied the ancient Greek philosophy and the development philosophies and sciences of Greece were part of the Islamic nations long before. Hence, the part of the world we know as the Islamic world today specifically that includes the Turkis, Arebic, Persian and some of the Asian regions is a part of ancient Europe. Q4. What aspect of global modernity does Lewis believe has emerged from its identification with one or more cultures? Answer: According to Lewis, \"modernity has referred to the ways, norms, and standards of the dominant and expanding civilization, in every era of human history\" (Lewis, 1997). This means that every dominant civilization has choose to follow modernity above its ancient practices. For example, the Hellenistic kingdoms, the Roman Empire, the medieval Christendoms, and Islam, as well as the ancient civilizations of India and China all have passed through a long phase of transition and development to come to their modern state. In fact modernity is the state when people are influenced by the customs and culture beyond their conventional boundaries. However, it is believed that the western civilization championed the transition from ancient to modern civilization by identifying and accepting the cultures from around the whole world. In fact recognizing and accepting the differences of one another is the basic foundation philosophy of modern world. In the present era, we have many instances when countries recognize and appreciate the cultures of one another, for example when Indian computer scientists are recognized in the USA and appreciated by the Japanese high-tech companies it reflects modernization of these societies. Even the modern society that originated as western civilization has identified and embraced a number of previous cultures including the British, the Persian, the Portuguese, the Middle Eastern, etc. There are many aspects of our modern societies that have emerged from identification of one or more cultures, according to Lewis. These aspects include civilization, democratic form of government, living peacefully on common set of interests and showing respect and acceptance for all the cultures around the world. (Lewis, 1997). Reference: Lewis, B. (1997). The West and the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 114-130. A_Rancudo_SLP_Assignment_H IS101_MOD4.docx by Adrian Rancudo FILE A_RANCUDO_SLP_ASSIGNMENT _HIS101_MOD4.DOCX (37.45K) T IME SUBMIT T ED 01-OCT -2016 10:38PM WORD COUNT 658 SUBMISSION ID 714012466 CHARACT ER COUNT 3770 A_Rancudo_SLP_Assignment_HIS101_MOD4.docx ORIGINALITY REPORT 55 44 7 48 % % % % SIMILARIT Y INDEX INT ERNET SOURCES PUBLICAT IONS ST UDENT PAPERS PRIMARY SOURCES 1 2 3 4 33 www.wsfi.net % Int ernet Source Submitted to Trident University International St udent Paper Submitted to CSU, San Jose State University St udent Paper % St udent Paper ON EXCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EXCLUDE MAT CHES 7 % 4 Submitted to Bridgepoint Education EXCLUDE QUOT ES 11 % < 20 WORDS A_Rancudo_SLP_Assignment_H IS101_MOD4.docx by Adrian Rancudo FILE A_RANCUDO_SLP_ASSIGNMENT _HIS101_MOD4.DOCX (37.45K) T IME SUBMIT T ED 01-OCT -2016 10:38PM WORD COUNT 658 SUBMISSION ID 714012466 CHARACT ER COUNT 3770 A_Rancudo_SLP_Assignment_HIS101_MOD4.docx ORIGINALITY REPORT 55 44 7 48 % % % % SIMILARIT Y INDEX INT ERNET SOURCES PUBLICAT IONS ST UDENT PAPERS PRIMARY SOURCES 1 2 3 4 33 www.wsfi.net % Int ernet Source Submitted to Trident University International St udent Paper Submitted to CSU, San Jose State University St udent Paper % St udent Paper ON EXCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EXCLUDE MAT CHES 7 % 4 Submitted to Bridgepoint Education EXCLUDE QUOT ES 11 % < 20 WORDS