Monica owns an old dog, named Sweetie Pi, that stays in Monica's apartment at all times except when she takes it out for daily walks. (Please note that Monica does NOT live in California and the California dog statute does NOT apply to this question). The dog is afraid of other dogs and will not approach people on the street while on the daily walk. However, this particular morning, as Monica and her neighbor Jim walk the dog, there is an auto accident on the street which startles Monica. As a result, she drops the dog's leash. Sweetie Pi is frightened, and bites Jim in the hand as he tries to calm the dog. These facts describe: