Mr. Smith bought 200 shares of Apple stock today. Apple stock is listed on NASDAQ. Mr. Smith is concerned about potential issue that the managers fail to maximize the shareholders' interests. Which of the following are effective means of aligning management goals with shareholder interests? I. Employee stock options II. Threat of a takeover II. Management bonuses tied to performance goals IV. Threat of a proxy fight A. I and III only B. II and IV only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, and IV only E. I, II, II, and IV