Multiple Choice

1. The cell membrane (a) encloses components of the cell, (b) regulates absorption, (c) gives shape to the cell, (d) does all of the preceding.

2. The largest structure in the cell is (a) the Golgi apparatus, (b) the nucleus, (c) the ribosome, (d) the mitochondrion.

3. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes? (a) lysosome, (b) ribosome, (c) mitochondrion, (d) Golgi apparatus

4. In question 3, which organelle is involved in protein synthesis?

5. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with attached ribosomes is called (a) smooth ER, (b) a Golgi apparatus, (c) nodular ER, (d) rough ER.

6. Engulfing of solid material by cells is called (a) pinocytosis, (b) phagocytosis, (c) active transport, (d) diffusion.

7. The cell membrane is a “sandwich” of (a) lipid–protein–lipid, (b) lipid–lipid–protein, (c) protein–protein–lipid, (d) protein–lipid–protein.

8. The function of the Golgi apparatus is (a) packaging of material in membrances for transport out of the cell, (b) production of mitotic and meiotic spindles, (c) excretion of excess water, (d) production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

9. The function of mitochondria is (a) packaging of materials in membranes for transport out of the cell, (b) conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP, (c) excretion of excess water from the cell, (d) synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

10. During protein synthesis, amino acids become linked together in a linear chain by (a) hydrogen bonds, (b) peptide bonds, (c) ionic bonds, (d) phosphate bonds, (e) amino bonds.

11. Which nucleotide base is absent from DNA? (a) adenine, (b) cytosine, (c) guanine, (d) thymine, (e) uracil, (f) none of the preceding

12. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized in (a) the nucleus, under the direction of DNA; (b) the cytoplasm, under the direction of the centrioles; (c) the centrioles, under the direction of DNA; (d) the Golgi apparatus, under the direction of DNA.

13. The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is determined by (a) the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene, (b) the enzyme RNA polymerase, (c) the sequence of amino acids in a protein, (d) the enzyme ribonuclease (RNase), (e) the sequence of nucleotides in the anticodons of transfer RNA (tRNA).

14. The flow of genetic information in most organisms may be indicated as (a) protein–DNA–mRNA, (b) protein–tRNA–DNA, (c) DNA–mRNA–protein, (d) four nucleotides.

1. A flexor muscle of the shoulder joint is (a) the supraspinatus, (b) the trapezius, (c) the pectoralis major, (d) the teres major.

2. Which of the following muscles does not attach to the humerus? (a) teres major, (b) supraspinatus, (c) biceps brachii, (d) brachialis, (e) pectoralis major

3. Which of the following muscles does not insert upon the orbicular oris? (a) depressor labii inferioris, (b) zygomaticus, (c) risorius, (d) platysma, (e) levator labii superioris

4. The erector spinae muscle group does not include (a) the iliocostalis, (b) the longissimus, (c) the spinalis, (d) the semispinalis.

5. All of the following muscles are synergists in flexing the elbow joint except (a) the biceps brachii, (b) the brachialis, (c) the coracobrachialis, (d) the brachioradialis.

6. Which of the following muscles does not attach to the scapula? (a) deltoid, (b) latissimus dorsi, (c) coracobrachialis, (d) teres major, (e) rhomboideus major

7. Which of the following muscles attaches to the acromion of the scapula? (a) teres major, (b) deltoid, (c) supraspinatus, (d) rhomboideus major, (e) infraspinatus

8. Of the four quadriceps femoris muscles, which contracts over the hip and knee joints? (a) rectus femoris, (b) vastus medialis, (c) vastus intermedius, (d) vastus lateralis

9. Which of the following muscles plantar flexes and inverts the foot as it supports the arches? (a) flexor digitorum longus, (b) tibialis posterior, (c) flexor hallucis longus, (d) gastrocnemius

10. An eyebrow is drawn toward the midline of the face through contraction of which of the following muscles? (a) corrugator, (b) risorius, (c) nasalis, (d) frontalis

11. Which of the following is not used as a means of naming muscles? (a) location, (b) action, (c) shape, (d) attachment, (e) strength of contraction

12. Rotation of the hand so that the palm faces posteriorly is the action of which muscles? (a) supinators, (b) abductors, (c) adductors, (d) flexors, (e) extensors

13. The muscles that are synergistic to the diaphragm during inspiration are (a) the external intercostal muscles, (b) the internal intercostal muscles (excluding the interchondral part), (c) the abdominal muscles, (d) all of the above.

14. A muscle of mastication is (a) the buccinator, (b) the temporalis, (c) the mentalis, (d) the zygomaticus, (e) the orbicularis oris.

1. Which kind of neuroglial cells are not found in the central nervous system (CNS)? (a) astrocytes, (b) ependymal cells, (c) microglia, (d) satellite cells, (e) oligodendrocytes

2. The neuroglia that have functions similar to white blood cells are (a) oligodendrocytes, (b) astrocytes, (c) microglia, (d) ependymal cells, (e) lymphocytes.

3. The speed of a nerve impulse is independent of (a) the diameter of the nerve fiber, (b) the physiological condition of the nerve, (c) the presence of myelin, (d) the length of the nerve fiber, (e) the presence of neurolemmocytes.

4. The basic unit of the nervous system is (a) the axon, (b) the dendrite, (c) the neuron, (d) the cell body, (e) the synapse.

5. Depolarization of the membrane of a nerve cell occurs by the rapid influx of (a) potassium ions, (b) chloride ions, (c) organic anions, (d) sodium ions.

6. A transmitter substance released into the synaptic cleft is (a) cholinesterase, (b) acetylcholine, (c) adenosine triphosphate (ATP), (d) ribonucteic acid (RNA) (e) all of the preceding.

7. At a synapse, impulse conduction normally (a) occurs in both directions, (b) occurs in only one direction, (c) depends on acetylcholine, (d) depends on epinephrine.

8. In a resting neuron, (a) the membrane is electrically permeable, (b) the outside of the membrane is positively charged, (c) the outside is negatively charged, (d) the potential difference across the membrane is zero.

9. Dendrites carry nerve impulses (a) toward the cell body, (b) away from the cell body, (c) across the body of the nerve cell, (d) from one nerve cell to another.

10. The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine is (a) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), (b) epinephrine, (c) cholinesterase, (d) lipase, (e) acetylcholinase.