Name one acute response and one chronic adaptation of each of the following systems to resistance exercise: nervous, skeletal, muscular, metabolic, endocrine (hormones), and cardiorespiratory.

Neurological: Skeletal muscle activation is an acute response. Both an increase in recruitment and rate coding allow greater force production. Chronic adaptation such as strength increases without evidence of muscle hypertrophy in the early phases of exercise training are believed due to greater neural drive in the ability for greater motor unit recruitment and rate coding. Greater muscle force can also be produced by a decreased coactivation

Muscular: Acute responses such as accumulation of metabolites (lactate) result in muscle fatigue. Also fuel substrates (creatine phosphate) are depleted as energy is produced for the contracting muscle. Hypertrophied muscles are one of the most notable chronic adaptations with resistance training. There is an increase in both type I and type ll fibers with a greater degree of hypertrophy of type ll fibers. It is believed that hypertrophied muscle cells is the mechanism for greater muscle mass rather than hyperplasia (increase number of cells).

Endocrine: Protein/peptide (growth hormone and insulin) hormones and steroid (testosterone) hormones are released as an acute response to resistane exercise.

Hormones such as growth hormone, insulin and testosterone stimulate growth of muscle tissue. Release of hormones such as cortisol breakdown protein to help maintain blood glucose. There is some evidence that prolonged resistance training results chronically elevated testosterone, Additionally, chronic resistance training may affect the magnitude of the endocrine response and the sensitivity of tissues to a hormone,

Cardiorespiratory: Resistance training programs do not typically improve maixmal oxygen consunption to the extent seen with other modes of aerobic endurance training. Increases in muscle size and strength due to resistance traing increase local muscular endurance.