One criticism of conventional interest arbitration is that:

Group of answer choices

a$.$ It may cause a "narcotic effect," making the two parties more likely to turn to arbitration to settle future disputes

b$.$ It reduces teh cost of not reaching agreement, thereby causing a "chilling effect" on the parties' incentive to reach an agreement.

c$.$ It affords the arbitrator the least degree of flexibility to determine an appropriate settlement outcome.

d$.$ It affords teh arbitrator the greatest degree of flexibility to determine an appropriate settlement outcome.

e$.$ Anticipating arbitration in the event of an impasse may change teh psychology of how bargaining teams bargain.