$$One of the drawbacks of implementing an import$-$substitution policy is that:

a$.$

$$it increases the dependence on foreign capital goods for economic growth.

b$.$

$$it makes other countries impose trade restrictions as a retaliatory measure.

c$.$

$$it increases the budget deficit of the domestic country.

d$.$

$$it leads to brain drain, by which educated and knowledgeable resources are lost.

e$.$

$$it makes the economy vulnerable to global economic fluctuations.