One of the reasons for rising health care financing costs is the cost$-$shifting taking place. Which of the following describes a form of this cost$-$shifting?

a$)$ Employers shift the cost of providing group health insurance to employees.

b$)$ Health insurance companies shift the cost of insuring policyholders to its shareholders.

c$)$ Doctors and hospitals shift the cost of treating uninsured patients to those who have private health insurance.

d$)$ Policyholders in the individual health insurance market shift their cost of insurance to the policyholders in the group health insurance market.