ONLY NEED QUESTION 2 TO COMPLETE, THANK YOU!In today's world, there is a growing need for new and innovative drugs, vaccines, biologicals,diagnostics and gene therapeutics, particularly now that people are getting older and more andmore microorganisms are becoming resistant to drugs.Jean-Jacques Berthoud Pharmaceutical Company (Berthoud Compagnie Pharmaceutique orBerthoud for short) began operations in a small lab at McGill University in 1998, primarilyfocusing on meeting the chemical needs of local researchers. The company became known for itsstrong chemistry expertise and expanded both its operational lab footprint as well as its customerbase. By 2010, Berthoud had outgrown its operational space and moved to its current 100,000square foot facility in Montreal. The company provides drug discovery, development andmanufacturing services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in Canada.The company is currently about to make an important strategic decision. It is becomingincreasingly clear that in addition to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, cancerimmunotherapy has grown into a new and very promising method of cancer treatment. Unlikeother methods, immunotherapy focuses on using your body's own immune system to fightcancer.One factor is becoming more and more important over the last months. Recent statistics showedthat the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 is higher in elderly and male patients. Specificallyin cancer patients, those who are elderly and/or who have lung cancer, hematologic malignancy,advanced-stage disease, active solid tumor, or a diagnosis of solid tumor in the past 5 years, orwho had oncological surgery performed in the last 30 days, are at highest risk of an unfavorableoutcome. However, statistical analysis also showed that namely in such cases immunotherapeuticdrugs proved extremely efficient and can be literally life-saving.There are challenges, however. First, most of the immunotherapeutic drugs are very new andtheir side effects are not yet properly studied. Secondly, these medications are usually veryexpensive and so far are mostly not covered by OHIP and similar insurance plans. Berthoud has a very strong research branch - the Lavoisier Medical Research Institute orLavoisier Institut de Recherche Mdicale (LIRM), where renowned scientists, including oneNobel Prize winner, work side by side with young and enthusiastic recent university graduates.The scientists from the LIRM came up with two revolutionary ideas responding to the challengesof immunotherapy. They started developing a medication (let us call it drug A as the truechemical name is very long) that is supposed to be at least as efficient as existing types ofimmunotherapeutic medications, but much less expensive and therefore available to mostpatients. Meanwhile, another group at the LIRM are working on drug B (let us call it this), whichwill be expensive still, but is based on new principles and is expected to be extremely efficientwith minimum side effects. Both research directions need a lot of funding, but they couldgenerate a huge profit for Berthoud. Drug B would potentially become more profitable for thecompany than drug A, but drug A research has a higher likelihood of being completed within 1-2years. At this point, the company has some financial difficulties and cannot fully support theseLIRM projects. Therefore, the company's research teams are going to apply to the famousHirschmann Scientific Foundation, known to be very generous when it comes to anticancerresearch. According to the rules, however, the foundation will consider only one project, so thecompany is facing a dilemma: to go ahead with project A or project B if they want to apply forfunding. Each project has an estimated cost of $60 million, and the foundation can cover half ofit. The rest will be invested by the company. At this point the management think that they havean 80% chance to get support from Hirschmann Scientific Foundation if they submit the projectA proposal and a 70% chance to get support from Hirschmann Scientific Foundation if theysubmit the project B proposal. If the company's proposal is rejected or not submitted forwhatever reason, then Berthoud will continue to produce existing immunotherapeuticmedications instead of developing new ones.Not necessarily, every promising idea ends up in success. If funding is received for drug A, then,realistically speaking, the detailed forecast would look like this: Outcomes for drug A research| |Probability| |Profit/Loss ($ millions)|Great success| |0.20| |500|Moderate success| |0.10| |200|Some success| |0.30| |50|No success| |0.40| |? 100|If funding is received for drug B, then the detailed forecast would not be readily available as theresearch will be based on the methods that have never been used before. Then the forecast wouldlook like this:Outcomes for drug B research| |Probability| |Profit/Loss ($ millions)Success| |0.25| |1000|Failure| |0.75| | ? 250|If the company is denied financial support or prefers not to apply, then it will continue toproduce the existing types of medications with a guaranteed profit of $50 million. Profits/losseslisted above do not incorporate the supposed $30 million investment by the company in theresearch. The cost of preparing the proposal for Hirschmann Scientific Foundation is $1 million.However, some in the management think that the development and production of drug B entailstoo much risk and uncertainty, and it would be better to focus on drug A only. The company isconsidering hiring the Edinburgh Medical Research Company (EMRC) from UK to estimatetheir chances with the development and financial success of drug B. EMRC experts will providea favourable report (success is the most likely outcome of the drug B research) or anunfavourable report (the research for drug B will most likely end up in failure). Success meansthat the medication with expected properties is created and approved by Health Canada. It isknown that there is a 90% chance that EMRC provides a favourable report given the positiveoutcome. There is also an 80% chance that EMRC provides an unfavourable repot given thenegative outcome. EMRC specialists need six months to complete their analysis and request $10million as they have to use expensive equipment and hire additional staff. Of course, thecompany would like to get a report from EMRC before they make a decision and submit theirproposal to Hirschmann Scientific Foundation. The company needs a qualified second opinion,as at the moment opinions among management itself are sharply divided and votes are split.Please perform an analysis of the problem facing the Jean-Jacques Berthoud PharmaceuticalCompany (Berthoud), and prepare a report that summarizes your findings and recommendations.Include the following items in your report:1. A (simple) decision tree that shows the logical sequence of the decision problem giventhe EMRC research information is not available.2. A recommendation regarding what Berthoud should do if the EMRC information is notavailable.3. A decision strategy that Berthoud should follow if the research is conducted based on theposterior probabilities and a revised decision tree.4. A recommendation as to whether Berthoud should employ EMRC, along with thedetailed decision policy, the value of the information provided by the research firm andthe efficiency of this information.Use Excel TreePlan to construct both decision trees. Include the details of your analysis aswell as the TreePlan output as an appendix to your report. PLEASE COMPLETE ONLY QUESTION 2 THANK YOU Class: Quantitative methods for BUS Here is excel output attachment

17 18 TreePlan Student License 0.2 For Education Only 19 Great Success 20 469 21 500 469 22 23 0.1 24 Moderate Success 25 0.8 169 26 Support 200 169 27 28 -30 64 0.3 29 Some Success 30 19 31 50 19 32 Project A 33 0.4 34 -1 61 No Success 35 131 36 -100 -131 37 38 0.2 Do not Support 49 50 49 0.25 Success 0.7 969 Support 1000 969 61 -30 31.5 0.75 Failure Project B -281 -250 -281 -1 36.75 0.3 Do not Support 49 50 49 Existing Medications 50 50 50