Over the years, Janjigian Corporation's stockholders have provided $22,000 of capital, part when they purchased new issues of stock and part when they allowed management to retain some of the firm's earnings. The firm now has 1,000 shares of common stock outstanding, and it sells at a price of $42.00 per share. How much value has Janjigian's management added to stockholder wealth over the years, i.e., what is Janjigian's MVA?

Select the correct answer.

a. $20,002

b. $20,003

c. $20,001

d. $20,000

e. $20,004