Paraphrasing Tool tion HI Ims.augusta.edu DAI Activity-2023-FA-KNHS-3210-C01 Motor Behavior Se... SLATER-HAMMEL ANTICIPATION TIMING Thu Sep 21 * Dashboard Introduction. One of the biggest challenges in the area of motor learning and control involves explaining how we can control movement. Different researchers in motor learning and control have different explanations for how we prepare and produce our movements. One explanation, first suggested by Keele (1968), is the concept of a "motor program", where all muscle commands are pre-structured and determined before the movement (i.e., "programmed"), allowing the entire movement to be carried out without feedback. This idea was expanded upon by Schmidt (1979) who considered programs for classes of movements called a "generalized motor program" (GMP). Slater-Hammel (1960) conducted an anticipation experiment where subjects were asked to coincide a key press when the sweep hand of a timer reached a certain target. During some trials, the sweep hand stopped prior to the target, during which time subjects were asked to inhibit the key press movement. Depending on how close to the target the sweep hand was stopped, determined the probability of inhibiting the movement. These results suggest that movements may be pre-programmed and "released" at some point of no return, after which movement can no longer be inhibited. This lab will attempt to replicate the study by Slater-Hammel (1960), which provided evidence supporting the motor program concept. This lab will involve collection of data using the "Slater-Hammel Anticipation Timing" lab from the "MotorLab" Program. On each trial, the circles will light up clockwise around the clock face. Your task is to press a key on the keyboard at the exact time the circle lights up at the green target arrow. After each trial, the computer will display your timing error and whether you were early or late in pressing the enter key. However, during some trials, the circles will stop lighting up prior to the target arrow. If this happens, you are to NOT press the enter key (i.e., inhibit the movement). It is very important that you focus on pressing the key at the exact moment the circle lights up at the target to ensure your results are accurate. Results for the inhibition trials will be reported in a datafile that you can save on your computer. This file will have a list of each trial in which the circle stopped lighting up, including the time before the target would have been reached and whether you correctly inhibited your movement or erroneously pressed the button. tv MacBook Air A @D X Probability of Inhibiting (%) 80 70 60 50 T 8 8 & 2 3 % % % % 9 100 90 10 Inhibition vs Time Before Target + 80 160 240 320 Time Before Target (msec) Results: Raw data for movement inhibition: Time Before Target # Correct Inhibitions (msec) (16) # Errors/Keypresses (/6) 80 160 240 320 Probability of Inhibiting # Correct/6X 100%) Graph of Probability of Inhibiting vs Time Before Target: Inhibition vs Time Before Target tv MacBook Air W Ims.augusta.edu DEI Activity-2023-FA-KNHS-3210-C01 Motor Behavior Se... Time Before Target # Correct Inhibitions # Errors/Keypresses (/6) (76) * Dashboard Probability of Inhibiting (# Correct / 6 X 100%) + (msec) 80 160 240 320 Graph of Probability of Inhibiting vs Time Before Target: Inhibition vs Time Before Target Probability of Inhibiting (%) tv 100 90 80 60 50 OF 30 20 10 0 MacBook Air 80 160 240 Time Before Target (msec) NA 3 320 X Ims.augusta.edu D2L Activity 2023-FA-KNHS-3210-C01 Motor Behavior Se... Discussion: + Dashboard 1) Explain what is meant by the "point of no return". Describe how the point of no return provides support for the concept of a motor program. 2) When did the point of no return occur for the original Slater-Hammel (1960) experiment? Looking at your own data, approximate when the point of no return occurred for you and explain your answer. 3) Mean Absolute Error (AE) is the average amount by which you missed the target. Mean Constant Error (CE) is similar but tells you if you responded early on average (negative number) or late (positive number). What was your Mean CE (see second line in your datafile) and what does this tell you about your strategy??