Part 4: Following are the results of another study that compared vitamin D status by COVID-19 severity status. Answer the following questions using the information presented in this table

1.Describe the results presented in this table - does COVID-19 severity appear to differ by vitamin D status? If so, how? [1 point]

2.Is there a statistically significant association between COVID-19 severity and vitamin D status? Complete the five-part hypothesis testing process to find out! [7 points]

a.Step 1: Set up the hypotheses and determine the level of significance

b.Step 2: Select the appropriate test statistic

c.Step 3: Set up the decision rule

d.Step 4: Compute the test statistic (show your calculations)

e.Step 5: Make a decision

3.What is the P-value associated with your calculated test statistic? Interpret your P-value in a sentence - what does this value tell you? [1 point]

4.What conclusions do you feel are appropriate here? Is there a difference in vitamin D status by COVID-19 severity status? Consider both statistical significance and clinical significance in your answer. [2 points]

Clinical Outcomes Variables Overall N (%) Mild Ordinary Severe Critical Overall N (%) 212 (100.0) 49 (23.1) 59 (27.8) 56 (26.4) 48 (22.6) Vitamin D status Normal 55 (25.9) 47 (85.5) 4 (7.3) 2 (3.6) 2 (3.6) Insufficient 80 (37.7) 1 (1.3) 35 (43.8) 23 (28.8) 21 (26.3) Deficient 77 (36.3) 1 (1.4) 20 (26.0) 31 (40.3) 25 (32.5)