Pick one hypotheses below, and follow the instructions specified below to explain whether causality can be established:

Hypotheses to choose from:

1.Corrections officers with more years of work experience use force against inmates less frequently than corrections officers with fewer years of work experience.

2.Students who smoke marijuana have lower grades than students who do not smoke marijuana.

3.Large police agencies are more bureaucratic than small police agencies.

4.States that use capital punishment have lower murder rates than states that do not use capital punishment.

Instructions

1.Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable

2.Explain whether causation can be established. Your explanation should include an analysis of at least all three criteria necessary for determining whether a causal relationship exists.You should also include a description of the two criteria that can be helpful in specifying causal relationships is you believe it will strengthen your argument.

Your response for the hypothesis you choose should include all items in the below template (remember ONLY F is optional - all other content described in the template is required!)

Template

a. State the independent variable present

b. State the dependent variable present

c. Describe criterion 1, if it is met (yes/no), and your reasoning (be specific).

d. Describe criterion 2, if it is met (yes/no), and your reasoning (be specific).

e. Describe criterion 3, if it is met (yes/no), and your reasoning (be specific).

f. If it will enhance your argument, describe criterion 4 & 5, if they are met (yes/no), and your reasoning.

f. Therefore, causation can/cannot be established because ____.