Please answer all the questions

Q4. a) Provide reaction schemes to show two different types of covalent modification in regulating protein functions, indicating the enzymes and cofactors (if any) required for these reactions. b) What type of covalent modification is most commonly observed in proteins involved in signal transduction? Describe the advantages of this type of covalent modification with respect to its structure, energetics, kinetics and potential biological role(s). c) What is the primary regulatory strategy for amino acid biosynthesis so that any given amino acid is produced in an appropriate amount? Briefly describe how it works. Q4. a) Provide reaction schemes to show two different types of covalent modification in regulating protein functions, indicating the enzymes and cofactors (if any) required for these reactions. b) What type of covalent modification is most commonly observed in proteins involved in signal transduction? Describe the advantages of this type of covalent modification with respect to its structure, energetics, kinetics and potential biological role(s). c) What is the primary regulatory strategy for amino acid biosynthesis so that any given amino acid is produced in an appropriate amount? Briefly describe how it works