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Question 10 (1 point) The best explanation of the trend observed for the np', np2 and mp3 elements is: As electrons are added into the p subshell the electrons are inserted as single electrons in a p orbital of different m, As m, increases the energy of the orbital increases causing the resulting ionization energy to increase. When two electrons must occupy the same orbital (existing within the same volume of space) new repulsive forces increase the energy of the electrons in the orbital. This energy is referred to as the pairing energy. Since the energy of the electrons in the orbital increases the ionization energy increases. Electrons in a set of orthogonal orbitals and of the same principal quantum number, shield each other poorly. As more protons are present in the nucleus the effective nuclear charge experienced by the valence orbitals increases. The valence electrons are drawn more forcefully towards the nucleus, decreasing the energy of the orbitals. As a result, more energy is required to remove an electron from the atom. Because the ionization energy is always observed to increase as you move across a period. None of these explanations. Question 11 (1 point) You should observe a decrease in the ionization energy between the np and np* elements. This is best explained by: When a set of orbitals is exactly half, or completely filled, the set of orbitals is extra stable. The special stability of the half-filled orbital set is lost as the fourth electron is added. When the stability is lost the electron in the orbitals are now at higher energy and less energy needs to be supplied to remove an clectron When two electrons must occupy the same orbital and exist within the same volume of space, new repulsive forces exist that are stronger than when electrons are in orthogonal but equivalent orbitals. This increases the energies of the electrons in the orbital. Since the energy of the electrons in the orbital increases the ionization decreases. Whenever there are an even number of electrons in orbitals of the same angular momentum quantum number the energy of the orbitals decreases slightly causing the trend to decreasing ionization energy. None of these explanations. Question 12 (1 point) What group (family) occupies the position of maximum covalent radius in each period (row). Alkaline earth metals Noble gases Halogens Transition metals No family occupies the position of maximum radius. Chalcogens Alkali metals Question 9 (1 point) What trend is observed in the ionization energies of the np!, np?and np elements ? The ionization energy decreases. No systematic change is observed. The ionization energy increases