Please answer the Highlighted Questions above, everything else is supporting data/ worksheets. Please answer the questions separate and fully, using the given data, explain if possible. Thanks!

Consider the case below. For the LOPA scenario described in the accompanying worksheet, suggest two means of reducing risk, one by prevention and one by mitigation. For the prevention measure, explain how it effectively reduces likelihood and how it meets the other criteria for an IPL: being independent and being auditable. Also, describe how much risk reduction it provides. For the mitigating measure, explain how it reduces impact severity, whether it reduces impact severity inherently, passively, actively, or procedurally, whether it minimizes, substitutes, moderates, or simplifies, and how much risk reduction it provides. Determine whether additional risk reduction is required, and if so, whether either measure alone is sufficient to reduce risk to a tolerable level, or whether the combination of both measures is sufficient to reduce risk to a tolerable level. Liberty Mfg. produces and distributes fuel processing aids at its Springfield Plant. The Springfield Plant is on the Springfield River, about 3 miles north of the town of Springfield, and about 121 miles upstream of the Springfield Municipal Water Treatment plant. The water treatment plant serves the town of Springfield and surrounding towns in the county, with a total customer base of about 75,000 . The facility consists of a converted 2-story warehouse building that has warehousing on the ground floor. On the upper floor, there is a production area, a blending area, a packaging area, and the maintenance shop. There is also an administration building, technical/production offices, and an outdoor tank farm for storing raw materials and bulk product. Production operates 24 hours a day, six days a week. Administration, engineering, maintenance, and shipping/receiving personnel are there during normal business hours, five days a week. The site is very crowded; it was originally a warehouse and parking lot, but parking has been moved across the road because the original gravel parking lot was used as the site for the administration building and tank farm. Liberty Manutacturng, Sprngteld raclity Many of the materials used at the plant are flammable, but none have a flash point less than 100F. There are some acids and bases used at the plant to adjust pH, but not in quantities that exceed the threshold quantity for OSHA PSM or USEPA RMP. Some have health effects-cause rashes, gastrointestinal upset, etc.-but none are acutely toxic (fatal). There is one production process that uses fairly simple chemistry to make a component of some of their products; the process is a mildly exothermic (heat-releasing) reaction that operates at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures. That process uses water from the Springfield River for once-through cooling. The remainder of the manufacturing that occurs at the plant consists of blending batches of ingredients, then either filling 55-gallon drums, 275-gallon intermediate bulk containers, or loading tank trucks with the products. Truck loading is at the back of the production building/warehouse, beyond which the property backs up to the Springfield River. The process is mostly manual with very little instrumentation. The reactor is equipped with temperature control, level monitoring, and flow control on the raw materials. The blending and storage tanks have local level gauges that operators check once each 12-hour shift, and before and after transfers into or out of the tanks. A process hazard review for this facility identified four major hazards: * Node 05 A cooling coil failure in the process, so that process chemicals are released to the river if the cooling water pump is not running. * Node 11 A fire in the tank farm, resulting in the contents of tanks catching on fire. \& Node 13 Loss of containment from a storage tank, resulting in a spill to the tank farm area, which is not contained. The spill would flow into the Springfield River. * Node 17 A drive-away by a tank truck while loading or unloading, resulting in a spill to an uncontained area. The spill would flow into the Springfield River. Node 17 The plant receives/unloads, and loads/ships a total of about ten tank trucks per day, five days a week. The tank trucks hold 6,200 gallons. The loading docks are equipped with chock blocks and the shipping procedure requires that the person loading the tanker take the keys from the driver and set the chock blocks before beginning to load, and then remove the chock blocks and return the keys only after loading is complete, hoses removed, and the driver has signed all the necessary paperwork. In the event of a spill, which would take about 2020 minutes to flow to the river, trained personnel could deploy booms that would keep the tanker contents from reaching the river in about 10 minutes. However, the facility does not keep booms or have trained personnel on site, and instead relies on the local fire department HazMat team, which takes about 5 minutes to respond. LOPA: Worksheet Liberty Manufacturing, Inc. Location: Springfield Unit: Springfield Plant truck loading/unloading Enabling Conditions and Independent Layers of Protection There are 10 tank trucks a day, five days a week, which is about 2600 opportunities per year, making the transition to a continuous process. The routine task that fails is the driver inspecting the truck before driving away. The administrative control is the loader, who takes the keys and sets chocks before loading, then only returns them after after completing documentation and inspecting the truck before it leaves