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11_5 Plagiarism, Paraphrasing, and Citing Sources

One of the biggest challenges for student writers is para-phrasing secondary sources correctly to avoid plagiarism.

YOUR TASK For each of the following, read the original passage. Analyze the paraphrased version. List the weaknesses in relation to what you have learned about plagiarism and the use of references. Then write an improved version.

a. Original Passage

The abbreviation AI is used to refer both to present-day technology like Siri, Google Translate, and IBM's Watson and to transformative future technologies that surpass human capabilities in all areas. That means surveying people about "risks from AI" is a fraught projectsome of them will be thinking about Face-book's News Feed, and some of them, like Stephen Hawking, about technologies that exceed our intelligence "by more than ours exceeds that of snails."

Paraphrased Passage

The term AI [Artificial Intelligence] is used to describe current technologies like Siri, Google Translate, andIBM's Watson. It also refers to future technologies that may exceed our ability to understand them. That means that asking people what they think about "risks from AI" is a worrisome project. Some may think about Facebook's News Feed, and others, such as Stephen Hawking, will imagine technologies that surpass our intelligence "by more than ours exceeds that of snails."

b. Original Passage

Lurking behind chartjunk is contempt both for the information and for the audience. Chartjunk promoters imagine that numbers and details are boring, dull, and tedious, requiring ornament to enliven. Cosmetic dec-oration, which frequently distorts the data, will never salvage an underlying lack of content. If the numbers are boring, then you've got the wrong numbers. Credibility vanishes in clouds of chartjunk; who would trust a chart that looks like a video game?26

Paraphrased Passage

Chartjunk creators hold the information they are conveying and their audience in contempt because they believe that statistical details are dull, unimaginative, and tedious and need to be spruced up with decorations. Purely ornamental design elements distort the data and cannot cover up a lack of content. If the statistics are boring, then they are the wrong statistics. Chartjunk kills credibility. Readers cannot trust a chart that looks like a video game.

c. Original Passage

American Dream, the most expensive U.S. mall ever built, opened Friday. It is the first in the United States to devote more space to entertainment, restaurants, and theme-park rides than to traditional retail. Given that more than a few people have declared the mall dead, the entire industry is glued to the spectacle to see if its formula could save the American shopping center from oversupply and the rise of online shopping.

Paraphrased Passage

The most expensive U.S. mall ever built, American Dream, opened Friday. It is the first in this country to give more space to theme-park rides, entertainment, and restaurants than it gives to traditional retail. The complete industry is fascinated by the spectacle to see if its model could save the American shopping center from online shopping and oversupply.

11_6 Selecting Graphics

YOUR TASK Identify the best graphics forms to illustrate the following data.

a. Figure showing the tracking and fulfillment of an e-commerce order

b. Annual restaurant industry sales figures for meatless hamburgers

c. Government unemployment data by industry and sec-tor, in percentages

d. Figures showing the distribution of the coronavirus Covid-19 in humans by state

e. Figures showing the process of delivering water to a metropolitan area

f. Information showing which states in the United States have enacted laws banning handheld phone conversations while driving

g. Figures showing what proportion of every state tax dollar is spent on education, social services, transportation, debt, and other expenses

h. Academic, administrative, and operation divisions of a college, from the president to department chairs and division managers

i. Figures comparing the sales of smartphones, tablets, and laptops over the past five years

11_7 Conducting Primary Research by Exploring Campus Food Delivery Options

Communication Technology E-Mail Team Web Hungry students bored with dining hall menus are increasingly using food delivery apps such as GrubHub or UberEats. However, delivery fees and wait time can make the experience less than appealing. Your University Business Club (UBC) sees an opportunity to put its business expertise to work by sponsoring a small student-run restaurant in the campus food court. But what food should it dish out? Is it true that college students overwhelmingly prefer food high in salt, sugar, and fat? Your fellow club members have chosen you to create an online survey to poll fellow students, staff, and faculty about their preferences. You hope to generate data that will support the feasibility of the eatery and help UBC create winning menu choices.

YOUR TASK Design a basic questionnaire to survey students on your campus about food options in the campus cafeteria. Write out ten questions that you would you use in a survey to analyze the situation. Pretend you have interpreted the results of the survey. Writememo that you will e-mail to the campus food services administrator advocating for a student-run eatery featuring the top-scoring national or regional foods based on your survey results.