please help with 19

18. A manufacturing company built a plant in rural Kentucky where the land was cheap. The people who lived there supported this because they needed the employment. However, the company created pollution to the air and water there. The costs, both financial and nonfinancial, that this pollution created for the residents was not borne by the manufacturing company. This is an example of one kind of 19. Modigliani and Miller published impressive and influential research articles on the theory of Capital Structure. All corporations have equity, but not all corporations have debt in their capital structure. In the original M&M research, they made assumptions that led to a result that the proportions of debt and equity did not matter and did not affect the value of the firm. However, in real life, those underlying assumptions do not hold, and the result is that the proportions of debt and equity do matter and do affect the value of the firm. When adding debt or more debt to the capital structure is beneficial to a company, it is because of the effect caused by