Please, I need help interpreting and understanding this data analysis found below. Just a summary in a language a lay person with inadequate knowledge of statistics can understand.

Thank you.

Results

Descriptive Statistics

Introduction

Summary statistics were calculated for Briefpretotal, Briefposttotal, PSSpretotal, and PSSposttotal.

Summary Statistics

The observations for Briefpretotal had an average of 2.34 (SD = 0.46, SE_M= 0.06, Min = 1.11, Max = 3.04, Skewness = -0.88, Kurtosis = 0.46). The observations for Briefposttotal had an average of 2.20 (SD = 0.47, SE_M= 0.23, Min = 1.82, Max = 2.82, Skewness = 0.58, Kurtosis = -1.27). The observations for PSSpretotal had an average of 2.21 (SD = 0.33, SE_M= 0.05, Min = 1.40, Max = 3.00, Skewness = -0.36, Kurtosis = 0.41). The observations for PSSposttotal had an average of 2.00 (SD = 0.55, SE_M= 0.27, Min = 1.60, Max = 2.80, Skewness = 0.98, Kurtosis = -0.81). When the skewness is greater than 2 in absolute value, the variable is considered to be asymmetrical about its mean. When the kurtosis is greater than or equal to 3, then the variable's distribution is markedly different than a normal distribution in its tendency to produce outliers (Westfall & Henning, 2013). The summary statistics can be found in Table 10.

Table 10

Summary Statistics Table for Interval and Ratio Variables

Variable	M	SD	n	SEM	Min	Max	Skewness	Kurtosis
Briefpretotal	2.34	0.46	50	0.06	1.11	3.04	-0.88	0.46
Briefposttotal	2.20	0.47	4	0.23	1.82	2.82	0.58	-1.27
PSSpretotal	2.21	0.33	50	0.05	1.40	3.00	-0.36	0.41
PSSposttotal	2.00	0.55	4	0.27	1.60	2.80	0.98	-0.81
Note.'-' indicates the statistic is undefined due to constant data or an insufficient sample size.

Two-Tailed Paired Samples t-Test

Introduction

A two-tailed paired samples t-test was conducted to examine whether the mean difference of Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal was significantly different from zero.

A two-tailed paired samples t-test was used to determine if the mean difference between Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal was significantly different from zero.

Assumptions

Normality. A Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to determine whether the differences in Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal could have been produced by a normal distribution (Razali & Wah, 2011). The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test were not significant based on an alpha value of .05, W = 0.80, p = .098. This result suggests the possibility that the differences in Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal were produced by a normal distribution cannot be ruled out, indicating the normality assumption is met.

Homogeneity of Variance.Levene's test was conducted to assess whether the variances of Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal were significantly different. The result of Levene's test was not significant based on an alpha value of .05, F(1, 6) = 0.43, p = .537. This result suggests it is possible that Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal were produced by distributions with equal variances, indicating the assumption of homogeneity of variance was met.

Results

The result of the two-tailed paired samples t-test was not significant based on an alpha value of .05, t(3) = -0.06, p = .958, indicating the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. This finding suggests the difference in the mean of Briefpretotal and the mean of Briefposttotal was not significantly different from zero. The results are presented in Table 11. A bar plot of the means is presented in Figure 6.

Table 11

Two-Tailed Paired Samples t-Test for the Difference Between Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal

Briefpretotal	Briefposttotal
M	SD	M	SD	t	p	d
2.19	0.70	2.20	0.47	-0.06	.958	0.03
Note.N = 4. Degrees of Freedom for the t-statistic = 3. d represents Cohen's d.

Figure 6

The means of Briefpretotal and Briefposttotal with 95.00% CI Error Bars

2.5 Mean Value .5 O Briefpretotal Briefposttotal