***** Please only answer number 4 which is "Long Text" and then answer the world problem for number 4 which is: How would you thwart steganographic efforts if you could be in the middle of the transmission, i.e. you take the role of an active warden and modify traffic in transit?********

Steganography

Setup needed: Windows/MacOS X, Unix hosts, DETER (if needed)

General description

The purpose of steganography (concealed writing), as different from cryptography, is to hide the fact that a message is even being sent. In ancient times, generals would shave a soldiers head, write on their scalp, and let the hair regrow. The recipient would then shave the soldiers head and read the message. We will be doing the computer science equivalent using embedding functions, e.g. by changing the nth bit in a digital image, audio file, or even a network protocol.

2 File with samples and results

The files are in lab-stego.zip. It contains some tools (steghide, vecna, stegdetect, stegsecret), sample (images, audio) files, and text. Also inside are network steganography tools using TCP/IP headers (covert tcp).

3 Hiding/extracting information

Refer to steganography primers for background. The basic principle is to use redundant bits in the cover medium to embed information that is not to be found. Cover media include text, images (GIF, BMP, JPG), audio files (e.g. MP3, WAV), video files (e.g. MPEG4). The goal is to produce output files that do not give the appearance of containing additional information.

3.1 Requirement

You should use the tools provided in the file. If for some reason, you choose not to, please justify your choice.

Your output should contain files that have embedded information in them, with or without passphrases (depending on the algorithm). If you used a passphrase, you must submit it as well.

3.2 Tasks

3.2.1 Embedding information into files

Create a sample image file, which will be your cover file. Embed some information in the file, creating a separate stego file for each of the following:

1. another image 2. a sound file (e.g. a cricket chirp file) 3. a short text 4. a long text

Embed into each of the items (1. image file, 2. sound file, 3. short text file, 4. long text file) above another item (1-4). Having worked with the image file, move on to the sound file as a cover file, and embed another item into it, again creating 4 stego files. At the end you should have 4 cover files (1-4), and 16 stego files.

How would you embed information into a video (e.g. MPEG4) file? Give an example.

Prepare a report of your findings.

Example: Embedding a text file into a JPEG file. You can do this in Windows, MacOS X, Linux, or your favorite operating system. The example we will be showing here is steghide under Kali Linux (currently at version 2018.3), but you can use any other operating system and steganography tool to do so.

To install steghide on Kali Linux, you will need to run:

# apt-get install steghide steghide-doc 

We then proceed to the actual embedding.

$ steghide embed -cf image.jpg -ef secret.txt -sf new-image.jpg -v Passphrase:  Re-enter passphrase:  reading secret file "secret.txt"... done 

reading cover file "image.jpg"... done creating the graph... 193 sample values, 1073 vertices, 496096 edges executing Static Minimum Degree Construction Heuristic... 90.6% (1.0) done writing stego file "new-image.jpg"... done 

Note that we are using two image files here. One is the source image image.jpg, which we do not modify and preserve for further use, and the stego file new-image.jpg, which contains the embedded secret.txt.

3.2.2 Information gathering and extraction

We can then check the file and extract information embedded in it, assuming we know what method was used to embed the information (e.g. steghide) and the passphrase is either known to us or empty.

$ steghide info new-image.jpg "new-image.jpg": 

 format: jpeg capacity: 3.8KB 

$ steghide extract -sf new-image.jpg -xf extracted.txt -v Enter passphrase:  reading stego file "new-image.jpg"... done extracting data... done 

checking crc32 checksum... done writing extracted data to "extracted.txt"... done 

3.2.3 Embedding information into network traffic

The program covert tcp can hide data in TCP packets. Currently it is running on Linux only. You can run this in a Linux virtual machine guest, e.g. under VirtualBox or VMware.

Create two endpoint hosts with the network steganography tool installed, or you can use the same host with two different terminal windows

1. Document the active connection with tcpdump data (pcap)

2. Transmit the information (e.g. a small text file, remember that transmission is going to be slow)

Prepare a report of your findings.

Use the included source code from the zip file and compile it using this command:

$ cc -o covert_tcp covert_tcp.c 

or

$ gcc -o covert_tcp covert_tcp.c 

You can then send and receive packets with steganographic data. You can use the command ifconfig to get the IP address of your own machine, or the one of your guest machine.

To send a file a file (secret.txt) via the IP Identification field encoding from client IP to server IP, you can use the command:

Client/sender:

# covert_tcp -source client_IP -dest server_IP -file secret.txt 

Server/receiver:

# covert_tcp -source client_IP -server -file secret.txt 

Note that you should either be root to run the program (indicated by the # prompt) or use sudo. Here is an example of covert tcp using sudo. You should launch the server first, as it is a best effort and not a synchronized transmission.

$ cd test/ $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:11:22:33:44:55 

 inet addr:146.111.34.195 Bcast:146.111.34.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::001:9cef:ee34:6007/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:21696 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 

 TX packets:12790 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:26146254 (26.1 MB) TX bytes:1696140 (1.6 MB) Interrupt:27 Base address:0xa000 

lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 

 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:802 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:802 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:32400 (32.4 KB) TX bytes:32400 (32.4 KB) 

$ sudo ./covert_tcp -source 146.111.34.195 -dest_port -server -file received-secret.txt [sudo] password for testuser: Covert TCP 1.0 (c)1996 Craig H. Rowland (crowland@psionic.com) Not for commercial use without permission. 

Listening for data from IP: 146.111.34.195 Listening for data bound for local port: 80 Decoded Filename: secret.txt Decoding Type Is: IP packet ID 

Server Mode: Listening for data. 

Sending Data: J Sending Data: o Sending Data: h Sending Data: n Sending Data: Sending Data: J Sending Data: a Sending Data: y Sending Data: Sending Data: S Sending Data: e Sending Data: c Sending Data: r Sending Data: e

Sending Data: t ... 

In another terminal window, you can then run this command:

$ sudo ./covert_tcp -source 146.111.34.195 -dest 146.111.34.195 -dest_port 80 -file secret.txt Covert TCP 1.0 (c)1996 Craig H. Rowland (crowland@psionic.com) Not for commercial use without permission. Destination Host: 146.111.34.195 

Source Host : 146.111.34.195 Originating Port: random Destination Port: 80 Encoded Filename: secret.txt Encoding Type : IP ID 

Client Mode: Sending data. 

Sending Data: J Sending Data: o Sending Data: h Sending Data: n Sending Data: Sending Data: J Sending Data: a Sending Data: y Sending Data: Sending Data: S Sending Data: e Sending Data: c Sending Data: r Sending Data: e Sending Data: t ... 

You will have to interrupt the server to end the transmission. You can then compare the two files. The difference should come up to be empty:

$ diff -c secret.txt received-secret.txt $ 

Note: If you only have one host running, you can do this using the loopback interface lo and its associated IP address. You should record the traffic between the two hosts, or the two processes, e.g. using tcpdump on the interface eth0 with a snaplen of 1500, and no DNS lookups:

# tcpdump -i eth0 -s 1500 -n -w covert-data.pcap 

You can then visualize the traffic streams either using tcpdump directly, or using a tool such as Wireshark. Here is the command to extract to the screen all traffic going to port 80, without making any DNS lookups:

# tcpdump -n -r covert-data.pcap -X -v dst port 80 

Can you spot the embedded traffic? If so, point it out in your answers. If not, explain why. Repeat the experiment with alternative encoding options in covert tcp.

4 Digging deeper into the steganography tools

The final part of this lab consists of two sections: measuring the capacity of each file, that is how much can be embedded, and finding possible embedding in existing files.

4.1 Capacity of the cover files

Depending on the tool in use, you will be given an estimate on how much information (size in bytes) can be embedded into the destination file. Express that in percentage of the file in use, and specify the type of file used (image, audio, video, etc.)

4.2 Chaining the techniques

Try to embed more information in an already encoded file (effectively chaining the steganographic technique).

Prepare a report of your observations in the format requested under Deliverables (section 6).

5

1. 2. 3. 4.

Word Problems

Summarize the embedding techniques used by the tools.

How would you detect the presence of steganography?

To what extent are the embedding techniques composable?

How would you thwart steganographic efforts if you could be in the middle of the transmission, i.e. you take the role of an active warden and modify traffic in transit?

6 Deliverables

1. A report describing all your findings above. 2. A zip file containing:

The source and embedded files, including the particular technique and passphrases used, if any.

Answers to all word problems in Part 5.