Please povide thorough answers to the following questions on Psychopharmacology on the topic of Impulsivity and Compulsivity and Addiction

Symptom Presentation and Assessment:

• Differentiate between impulsive and compulsive behavior
• Identify potential consequences of heavy and/or long-term use of substances
• Evaluate potential conditions/behaviors that may be considered impulsive-compulsive disorders

Neurobiology of Reward:

• Link naturally occurring brain substances to corresponding drugs of abuse
• Identify the final common pathway of reward
• Describe the hypothesized brain regions, circuits, and neurotransmitters implicated in the reward system
• Describe the hypothetical neurobiology of impulsivity and compulsivity
• Explain the relevance of tonic versus phasic neurotransmission to risk of addiction

Drugs of Abuse:

• Explain how each drug of abuse exerts its effects on the brain
• Explain the differential effects of mode of delivery on abuse potential
• Differentiate the mechanisms of action of methylphenidate, amphetamine, cocaine, and methamphetamine

Mechanisms of Treatments for SUD and Impulsive Compulsive Disorders:

• Differentiate the molecular actions of agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists at nicotinic receptors
• Identify and differentiate mechanisms to reduce craving and withdrawal for nicotine
• Identify and differentiate mechanisms to increase abstinence and/or reduce craving and withdrawal for alcohol
• Identify and differentiate mechanisms to reduce craving and withdrawal for opiates

Treatments for SUD and Impulsive Compulsive Disorders:

• Differentiate the clinical profiles of agents used to treat nicotine dependence
• Differentiate the clinical profiles of agents used to treat alcohol abuse/ dependence
• Differentiate the clinical profiles of agents used to treat opioid dependence
• Explain the concept of reduced-risk drinking
• Prioritize treatment order when substance abuse/dependence presents with comorbid psychiatric disorders
• Identify novel mechanisms and strategies being investigated for potential application to treatment of substance use disorders Identify treatment strategies for obsessive compulsive disorder

Special Considerations:

• Explain recommendations for SUD treatment selection/maintenance in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Identify SUD treatments for which recommendations are different for individuals with comorbid/medical complications