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Characteristics of ice-melt ponds. Refer to the University of Colorado study of ice-melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic, presented in Exercise. Environmental engineers are using data collected by the National Snow and Ice Data Center to learn how climate affects the sea ice. Data on 504 ice melt ponds are saved in the PONDICE file. Of these 504 melt ponds, 88 were classified as having "first-year ice." Recall that the researchers estimated that about 17% of melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic have firstyear ice. Use the methodology of this chapter to estimate, with 90% confidence, the percentage of all ice-melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic that have first-year ice. Give a practical interpretation of the results. Characteristics of ice melt ponds. The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) collects data on the albedo, depth, and physical characteristics of ice melt ponds in The FREQ Procedure ICETYPE Frequency | Percent | Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Percent First-year 88 17.48 8:8 17.48 Landfast 198 38.89 284 58.35 Multi-year 220 43.75 504 100.00 ICE TYPE Landhun! Hull -your 20 90 PERCENT the Canadian Arctic. Environmental engineers at the University of Colorado are using these data to study how climate affects the sea ice. Data on 504 ice melt ponds located in the Barrow Strait in the Canadian Arctic are saved in the PONDICE file. One variable of interest is the type of ice observed for each pond, classified as firstyear ice, multiyear ice. or landfast ice. An SAS summary table and a horizontal bar graph that describe the types of ice of the 504 melt ponds are shown at the bottom of page a. Of the 504 melt ponds, what proportion had landfast ice? b. The University of Colorado researchers estimated that about 17%% of melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic have first-year ice. Do you agree? c. Convert the horizontal bar graph into a Pareto diagram. Interpret the graph.Splinting in mountain-climbing accidents. The most common injury that occurs among mountain climbers is trauma to the lower extremity (leg). Consequently, rescuers must be proficient in immobilizing and splinting of fractures. In High Altitude Medicine & Biology (Vol. 10. 2009). researchers provided official recommendations for mountain emergency medicine. As part of the document, the researchers examined the likelihood of needing certain types of splints. A Scottish Mountain Rescue study reported that there was 1 femoral shaft splint needed among 333 live casualties. The researchers will use this study to estimate the proportion of all mountain casualties that require a femoral shaft splint. a. Is the sample large enough to apply the large-sample estimation method of this section? Show why or why not. b. Use Wilson's adjustment to find a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of all mountain casualties that require a femoral shaft splint. Interpret the result.Lobster trap placement. Refer to the Bulletin of Marine Science (April 2010) study of lobster trap placement Exercise. Recall that you used a 95% confidence interval to estimate the mean trap spacing (in meters) for the population of red spiny lobster fishermen fishing in Baja California Sur, Mexico. How many teams of fishermen would need to be sampled in order to reduce the width of the confidence interval to 5 meters? Use the sample standard deviation from Exercise 5.35 in your calculation. Lobster trap placement. Strategic placement of lobster traps is one of the keys for a successful lobster fisherman. An observational study of teams fishing for the red spiny lobster in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was conducted and the results published in Bulletin of Marine Science (April, 2010). One of the variables of interest was the average distance separating traps-called trap spacing -deployed by the same team of fishermen. Trap spacing measurements (in meters) for a sample of seven teams of red spiny lobster fishermen are shown in the accompanying table (and saved in the TRAPSPACE file). Of interest is the mean trap spacing for the population of red spiny lobster fishermen fishing in Baja California Sur, Mexico. 93 99 | 105 94 82 70 86 From Shester, G. G. "Explaining catch variation among Baja California lobster fishers through spatial analysis of trap-placement decisions." Bulletin of Marine Science , Vol 86, No. 2. April 2010 (Table). pp. 479-498. Reprinted with permission from the University of Miami - Bulletin of Marine Science. a. Identify the target parameter for this study. b. Compute a point estimate of the target parameter. c. What is the problem with using the normal ( z ) statistic to find a confidence interval for the target parameter? d. Find a 95% confidence interval for the target parameter. e. Give a practical interpretation of the interval, part d.Aluminum cans contaminated by fire. A gigantic warehouse located in Tampa, Florida, stores approximately 60 million empty aluminum beer and soda cans. Recently, a fire occurred at the warehouse. The smoke from the fire contaminated many of the cans with blackspot, rendering them unusable. A University of South Florida statistician was hired by the insurance company to estimate p, the true proportion of cans in the warehouse that were contaminated by the fire. How many aluminum cans should be randomly sampled to estimate the true proportion to within.02 with 90% confidence?Pitch memory of amusiacs. Refer to the Advances in Cognitive Psychology (Vol. 8, 2010) study of pitch memory of amusics, Exercise. Recall that diagnosed amusiacs listened to a series of tone pairs and were asked to determine if the tones were the same or different. In the first trial, the tones were separated by 1 second; in the second trial, the tones were separated by 5 seconds. The variable of interest was the difference between scores on the two trials. How many amusiacs would need to participate in the study in order to estimate the true mean score difference for all amusiacs to within .05 with 90% confidence? Pitch memory of amusiacs. Congenital amusia is a disorder that impacts one's perception of music. A team of psychologists and neuroscientists tested the pitch memory of individuals diagnosed with amusia and reported their results in Advances in Cognitive Psychology (Vol 6. 2010). Each in a sample of 17 amusiacs listened to a series of tone pairs, where each tone pair was a standard tone followed by a comparison tone. For each tone pair, the subjects were asked to determine if the tones were the same or different. In one trial, the tones were separated by 1 second. In a second trial, the tones were separated by 5 seconds. (In theory, the longer the delay between tones, the less likely one is to detect a difference between the tones. ) Scores in the two trials were compared for each amusiac. The mean score difference was .11 with a standard deviation of .19. Use this information to form a 90%% confidence interval for the true mean score difference for all amusiacs. Interpret the result. What assumption about the population of score differences must hold true for the interval to be valid?Oil content of fried sweet potato chips. The characteristics of sweet potato chips fried at different temperatures were investigated in the Journal of Food Engineering (Sept. 2013). A sample of 6 sweet potato slices were fried at 130' using a vacuum fryer. One characteristic of interest to the researchers was internal oil content (measured in gigagrams). The results were: x- .178p/g and s - .011g/2. Use this information to construct a 95% confidence interval for the true standard deviation of the internal oil content distribution for the sweet potato chips. Interpret the result practically.Radon exposure in Egyptian tombs. Refer to the Radiation Protection Dosimetry (Dec. 2010) study of radon exposure in tombs carved from limestone in the Egyptian Valley of Kings. Exercise 7.30 (p. 334). The radon levels in the inner chambers of a sample of 12 tombs were determined, yielding the following summary statistics: $ = 3413Bq/m and s - 4,487 Bq/m]. Use this information to estimate, with 95% confidence, the true standard deviation of radon levels in tombs in the Valley of Kings. Interpret the resulting interval. Be sure to give the units of measurement in your interpretation. (Reference Exercise 7.39) Radon exposure in Egyptian tombs. Many ancient Egyptian tombs were cut from limestone rock that contained uranium. Since most tombs are not well- ventilated, guards, tour guides, and visitors may be exposed to deadly radon gas. In Radiation Protection Dosimetry (Dec. 2010), a study of radon exposure in tombs in the Valley of Kings, Luxor, Egypt (recently opened for public tours). was conducted. The radon levels-measured in becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m )-in the inner chambers of a sample of 12 tombs were determined. For this data, assume that J = 3,643 By/m' and & = 1,187 Bq/m'.Use this information to estimate, with 95% confidence, the true mean level of radon exposure in tombs in the Valley of Kings. Interpret the resulting interval.Cheek teeth of extinct primates. Refer to the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Vol. 142, 2010) studyof the characteristics of cheek teeth (e.g., molars) in anextinct primate species, Exercise. Recall thatthe researchers recorded the dentary depth of molars (inmillimeters) for a sample of 18 cheek teeth extracted fromskulls. The data are repeated in the table and saved in the CHEEKTEETH file. Estimate the true standard deviationin molar depths for the population of cheek teeth in extinct primates using a 95% confidence interval. Give a practicalinterpretation of the result. Are the conditions required fora valid confidence interval reasonably satisfied? 18.12 18.55 19.48 15.70 19.36 17.83 15.94 13.25 15.83 18.12 19.70 18.13 15.78 14.02 17.00 14.02 13.98 18.20 Based on Boyer, D. M., Evans, A. R., and Jervall, J. "Evidence of dietary differentiation among Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Plesiadapids (Mammalia, Primates)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology , Vol. 142, 2010 (Table A3)