Please show your working for all questions

This is the equation for part 3.7

Please answer the questions below using the figure. 3.3 also asks for an answer based on the equation in the image above.

The image below is Figure 3.4

Related questions in image below:

Additional questions

Hi. The second image has two questions, and the second questions need to be answered using the equation in the first image.

The third image is of the figure needed to answer the questions in the fourth image.

The fifth image is of the remaining questions that I need answered.

Could you please answer the questions in the order they were provided, and show your working for each question?

Thank you.

from which: zc=1gr2cos Fistere 3.2 Potential diagram of water in a capillary. Figure 2.6. Figure 3.2 presents a diagram of the potentials on mass basis, as vil it on volume and weight basis. As in Figure 2.6, the pressure potential in the big coniner increases with depth from zero at the water surface to positive values below the s fiee and compensates the decreasing gravitational potential. Likewise, the pressure flen: tial of the water in the capillary tube decreases with height to compensate the incrianil gravitational potential. Thus, the pressure of the water in the capillary fube ismwer than atmospheric pressure, creating a pressure difference between both sides f thic curved meniscus. Question 3.2 What is in Figure 3.2 the pressure potential of the water it the airviter interface in the capillary tube? Give your answer in Jkg1, Pa and m. Question 3.3 Find an expression for the pressure potential on volume basis (i) of the water at the meniscus, based on Equation 3.7. A cylinder with an overflow at 0.4m above the bottom is equipped with a noncapillary glass gauge (Figure 3.4). The cylinder and the gauge are filled with water up to Figure 3.4 Potential diagram of water is container with noncapillary glass geveg and overfow. Fikire 3.s Potential diagram of water in container filled with soil, with noncapillary glass gauge and over- the level of the overflow. If the reference point for the gravitational potential is chosen at the bottom of the cylinder, the potential diagram is exactly the same as that in Figare 2.7. The empty cylinder is filled to the rim with dry soil and water is added slowly through the gauge until it starts discharging from the overflow. The water surface in the gauge will then again establish itself at the level of the overflow (Figure 3.5). This means that below z=0.4m the potential diagram is the same as in Figure 3.4. The presence of soil deereases the volume fraction of water but leaves the pressure potential unchingiged. Qiestion 3.7 Why is the pressure potential below z=0.4m still the same as in Figure 3,4? The soil above the overflow will attract water, due to capillary rise in the soil pores, otmotic binding, etc., until static equilibrium is attained. Quisviumi 3,8 What is the condition for statie equilibrium of the water above the overflow? Question 3.9 A hole is made in the cylinder of Figure 3.5 at 0.1m above the bottom. a. What happens to the phreatic level? b. What is the new hydraulic potential, h ? Draw the potential diagram for the new equilibrium situation that will be established after some time. (N.B.: do not change the reference level of the gravitational potential!) Question 3.10 Two cylinders, filled with soil and placed at different levels, are connected with a tube. The tube connection is closed by means of a stopcock. The phreatic level in each cylinder is at the level of its overflow (Figure 3.6). a. Plot in one diagram the water potentials in the cylinders against height. Choose the reference level of the gravitational potential at the phreatic level of the lowest cylinder. b. Describe what happens when the stopcock is opened until a new static equilibrium is attained. finatr is I wo cylinders ifled with soil and water. connecied by as tabe with stopcock, at different phreatic Below the phreatic level or groundwater table, water has a hydrostatic pressure which is larger than atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it will displace any air present at atmospheric pressure. However, some 'blocked' air may remain present at higher than atmospheric pressure, because it could not escape during wetting of the soil. The volume of this blocked air is usually neglected and the soil is still called saturated. However, the blocked air may amount to 10% of the pore volume, especially when the soil is saturated quickly from above. The soil will also be saturated above a groundwater table in the zone where the pressure potential is higher than the air-entry value of the largest capillaries. This saturated zone above the groundwater table is called the full-capillary zone. Above the full-capillary zone, progressively smaller pores with lower air-entry values are empty. Thus, in a homogeneous soil, the water content decreases with height above the full-eapillary zone. Question 3.11 Which are the extreme values of the volume fraction of liquid, , above the groundwater table? The presence of a full-capillary zone makes that the groundwater table is not the 'visible' boundary between saturated and unsaturated soil zones. A groundwater table can be made visible only by augering a vertical hole in which a free water surface can be formed. Question 3.12 So far in this section only potentials on mass basis were used. Make a potential diagram for the soil column of Figure 3.5 using potentials on weight basis ('heads')