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earning Activity 1. Search for Horticultural crops in the Philippines that earned the highest revenue and the top producing regions. Follow the format below; (20 points) Top Producing Region Crop Peso ValueCRSCI 102 - FUNDAMENTALS OF HORTICULTURE LESSON II: CROP IMPROVEMENT Learning Outcomes: Expound the development of new varieties adapted to different growing conditions Discuss the improvement of horticultural characteristics Explain and discuss the recommended cultivars of horticultural crops Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you have learned by doing Learning Activities. Information Sheet 1.1 The term crop improvement is used synonymously with plant breeding in common usage. It involves hybridization and selection. Ever since man begun cultivating horticultural crops, he has continued to improve productivity and quality of the varieties of his crops. The objectives of crop improvement other than increase of yield are: 1] development of new varieties adapted to different growing conditions: 2) improvement of horticultural characteristics; 3) development of varieties resistant to pests and diseases; and 4) improvement of the quality of horticultural products. Mechanism of Inheritance Genotypes and phenotype The nature of an individual plant is determined by its genetic constitution, the genotype. It determines the inherent potential of an individual. This serves as the maximum level of expression of the characters. However, this expression is modified by the environment where the individual is living. Thus, the character one sees is the sum effect of the interaction between the genotype and the environment. This is called phenotype, the outward expression of the character. If the environment is not affecting the expression of the character, the phenotype is equivalent to the phenotype of the individual. In most cases, environment will play a major role in the expression of the genotype of an individual. Chromosomes The genetic constitution of a plant is passed on from a plant to its offspring through the chromosomes found in the nucleus, a structure within the plant cell. The chromosome is basically a long thread-like structure of two spiral strands of relatively very large nitrogenous molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plus associated smaller molecules called ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA can replace (reproduce) itself, which makes it possible to transmit genetic information from one generation to another. The chromosome is composed of genes, which are the ultimate units of inheritance. A gene consists of coded information in the form of specific arrangements of the units in the DNA molecule. It directs the synthesis of a given enzyme. The presence or absence of particular genes in plant will determine if a plant has or does not have specific enzymes associated with biochemical reactions and products. Thus, a gene or a group of genes determines the development of particular characteristics of an organism such as color of the flowers, height, and yield. Chromosome number Plants have to basic kinds of cells: the sex cells and the somatic cells. The sex cells are the egg and sperm cells while the somatic cells are the vegetative cells that compose the plant's body. All somatic cells carry chromosomes in sets. Sex cells carry only one set of chromosomes, and this is called the basic chromosome number or the haploid number designated as n. Basic chromosome number of some horticultural crops Crop Basic Crop Basic Chromosome Chromosome Number (n) Number (n) Fruit Crops Plantation Crops Avocado 12 Abaco 10 Banana 11 Black pepper 12 Breadfruit 28 Cacao 10 Calmito (starapple) 13 Castor 10 Citrus 9 Coconut 16 Grapes 19 Coffee 11 Guava 11 Oil Palm 16 Mango 20 Rubber 18 Papaya Sisal 30 Pineapple 25 Omamental Crops Strawberry 7 Chrysanthemum 9 Vegetable Crops Mussaenda 11 Amaranth 16 Orchids MODULE 4 1| Page