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MIS The Collaboration Environment at Raytheon The Raytheon Company (www.raytheon.com) is a U.S. defense con tractor that manufactures weapons and military and commercial electronics, Raytheon's design and development process was high- tech in that it involved computer-aided design (CAD). But it was still low-tech when it came to collaboration, Raytheon engineers would sit together and look at each other's laptops in an extremely time-consuming process. Now, Raytheon engineers designing mis- siles work with the company's manufacturing and IT departments, as well as partners and suppliers, using stereoscopic 3-D (53D) and augmented reality technologies. Raytheon engineers produce CAD product drawings, which become 3D models. In a manner that could be from Star Trek, the models are displayed on S3D screens called Cave Automatic Virtual Environments, or CAVE. A CAVE is a series of 72 ultrahigh-definition 3-D television sets, stacked eight feet high and arranged in a pan. orama that stretches over 320 degrees. There are also portable versions of CAVEs that can be used off site. Regardless of the physical form, engineers wear 3-D eyewear and step into the CAVE and enter a virtual reality world. They and others around the world can share in seeing products such as missiles in a three-dimensional environment, such as a simulated battle. The CAVE allows technical blueprints to come to life, so eng. neers can not only see an object, but touch and manipulate it as well. CAVE users can make quick changes to technical specifica- tions. Potential Raytheon customers, such as military personnel, can walk into a CAVE and adjust equipment according to their needs. CAVE translates the abstract into the real, using what Ray- theon calis "the common language of visualization. The CAVE technology has changed the way that Raytheon works with clients. Instead of giving a presentation to clients, Ray- theon engineers sit with them in a CAVE videoconference and they explore the 3-D models together. The technology allows Raytheon designers to show clients their raw materials on the CAVE screens as easily as if they were being spread out on a boardroom table. One benefit of CAVES is that it is far more cost-effective to cre- ate virtual missile prototypes than it is to build physical prototypes. Another benefit is that CAVEs speed up the design process and get products to market faster. If engineers suspect that something is wrong with the wiring inside a missile prototype, for example, they can examine the 3-D model inside a CAVE and make adjustments quickly, such as moving wires farther away from a part that gets very hot. That would be expensive and time-consuming to do with a physical missile prototype. CAVES have improved the level of teamwork both inside Ray theon and with business partners and suppliers. Interestingly, CAVES have energized customer presentations, Raytheon can put customers right in the field, using CAVES to simulate a combat environment complete with a desert, mountains, or ocean, for the ultimate in product demonstration. This helps customers focus on what they're looking for. It can also help Raytheon with a classic upsell move - showing customers how one product can serve needs they didn't even know they had. As an example, the com pany used 53D to simulate a battleship at Sea to demonstrate a ship-based missile for a client. The customer was so impressed with that missile's capabilities that it ordered a land-based missile with similar functions. The land-based missile was not on the cus- tomer's shopping list going into the presentation, Raytheon also takes its CAVES on the road, encouraging mid- dle school students to get involved in STEM science, technology engineering, mathematics). The S3D technology isn't just good for product prototypes, either. Raytheon used it to design and test a missile factory in Huntsville, Alabama. The factory itself produces missiles with state-of-the-art robotics and computer-controlled tools. CAVES do present challenges. Converting Raytheon's conven tional 2-D images to 3-D images involves time and effort. It's also not possible to entirely escape the physical world, as the company must invest in the space and TV screeris needed to construct the large CAVES The benefits of 3D are many. The technology has allowed Raytheon to avoid potential design and mock-up errors, saving considerable amounts of time and money. It's shaved countless hours off the time to engineer and manufacture products. It's cut down on the amount of travel for Raytheon engineers to visit sup pliers. It's enabled Raytheon to review and complete designs faster And it's helped identify potential mechanical defects that might have gone undetected until the product was on the production line What's next for Raytheon's $307 It's working on the next gen eration of the technology, which will not require CAVE users to don eyewear. The firm is evaluating the virtual reality headsets from Oculus Rift (www.oculus.com). Sources: Compiled from Meister, "Raytheon Animators Create Simulated Defense Situations.PDNet, September 2, 2015, Adams. "Now Showing at Raytheon Missies in 3-D The Boston Globe, November 10, 2014 A Shaheed, Missile Makers Use Virtual "CAVE to Test Weapons. Fox News, June 26, 2014A Barrie, Next Gen Missile Killers Created in a Virtual Batcave Fow News, April 11, 2014, S. O'Neill Raytheon 3-D CAVES Speed Missile Design, Testing InformationWeek, April, 2014, Futuristic Raytheon Alabama Factory Makes Missile with Robots madeinolabame.com, June 18, 2013; www.raytheon.com, accessed September 18, 2015 Questions 1. Describe the use of information technologies in Raytheon's CAVES 2. What are potential disadvantages of using CAVES in the prod uct design process