posed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not un arithmetic operations. Computers represent this type of much smaller than digital audio files for sim war musical pas- sages. However, MIDI music tends to lack the full resonance Unicode, or UTF-8. Da of symphony-quality sound that can be achieved with digital machines, such as computers, produce sound that resembles 78 INTERACTIVE SUMMARY using is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such or SECTION A: data is pro- cessed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and Os. Each 1 or is called a(n) A series of eight 0s and is called a(n) represents and character--a letter, number, or punctua- tion mark Data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. Digital signals are represented by two different such as +5 volts and 2 volts Digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a CD or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the sur face of a hard disk data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. It can be represented digitally using the number system data is com- or mobi (1,048,576), and giga (1.073.741,824). To reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be com compression provides pressed the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process Compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. These files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain Specity the pitch, volume, and duration of notes that sound like various musical instruments MIDI files are typically SECTION B: Music, voice, and sound effects can all be as a download, stream, or on-demand recorded and stored on a computer as stream MIDI music is sound that is audio To digitally record sound, artificially created. A series of MIDI of the sound are collected at periodic intervals and stored as numeric data. High-quality sound is usually sampled at 441 and each stereo sample requires 32 bits of storage space. To conserve space, radio-quality recordings of speaking voices are often recorded at lower sampling rates Digital audio file formats include WAV, AAC, WMA, FLAC audio Speech Ogg, and MP3. Most portable media players work with MP3 format or with the format used for .m4p spoken words. Speech fles at the iTunes Store. These media files can be acquired ity of machines to understand spoken words is the process by which refers to the abil 75 DAL CONTENT DI ype of TF- 1 UM and re SECTION C:A bitmap graphic in composed of a grid of puter to fill in masing pixels, which often results in jo tiny rectangular cells called The color god or image Image compression o ench coil is stored as an number shrinks the size of a graphics file Popular bitmap graphics formats include BMP, TIFF, GIF compression is used for images stored in JPEG format, but JPEG, RAW, and PNG. Both scanners and cameras pro- compression is used for PNG doce images in bitmap format Digital display devices rep. GIF, and TIFF files. Photoediting software includes tools resent colors wsing the color model such as an image that adjuste Although colors are ultimately represented as bits when a brightness values for various ranges of pels Algorithms graphie is stored or transmitted, color values can be speci for scrub out designated areas of fied in binary or decimal. Color an image and replace the missing pels Clipping paths and refers to the number of colors availalpha blending are useful for digital able for use in an image. The dimensions of the grid that forms when you want to assemble parts of several photos into one bitmap graphic are referred to as its image. Panoramic and 360-degree images can be assembled It is possible to change the resolution and/or the file size using image to match the edges of of a bitmap graphic, but because bitmaps are resolution a sequence of photos Stereoscopic effects can be achieved these changes can reduce image with a photo pair or by creating an) quality. For example, onlarging a bitmap requires your.com with red and blue coloration ong sway Seca and SECTION D: Unlike a bitmap graphic, created by state. The most common vector graphics format for the Web superimposing grid of pixels over an image, a vector graphic 3D graphics are stored as a set of consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture. Vector instructions that contain the locations and lengths of lines that graphics are stored as a collection of form aco) for a 3D object. This and their corresponding sizes, colors, and positions. The big framework then can be covered by colored, patterned, and tex. advantage of vector graphics is that they can be enlarged tured surfaces. This process, called without becoming Vector graphics are produces a bitmap image of the 3D object created by using software. A vector trading adds highlights and shadows to the image. 3D graphics graphic can be converted into a bitmap by a process called can be to produce animated spe- Once converted, however, the result cial effects for movies Real-time is ing graphic loses the object-editing qualities it had in its vector required for 3D computer games and virtual reality is d SECTION E: Footage for digital videos can be suppressed format using intraframe and pied from a digital source, or from an) compression Software, such as MPEG, DivX, Theora, and source that requires conversion. In addition to standalone digl. H.264, that compresses the video stream is referred to as an) tal cameras, digital footage can also be obtained from cameras A compression embedded in handheld devices and from such as 5 1. indicates the degree of compression Video and built in above a computer screen Video resolution varies, but audio streams are combined into the final video file and stored 1080p is common. The 'p stands for using an) format such as AVI, MOV, scan. Most videos today have a widescreen aspect ratio of WebM. So-called 3D movies are technically Most videos are output in a com- in their use of anaglyphs or stereograms