Question
Preamble In the last part of the 20th century, scientists developed the theory that the planet was warming and that the primary cause was the
Preamble
In the last part of the 20th century, scientists developed the theory that the planet was warming and that the primary cause was the increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which are the product of burning oil, natural gas, and coal (fossil fuels). Although many climatologists believe in the so-called greenhouse effect, many others do not subscribe to this theory. Further, Earth's temperature has increased and decreased many times in its long history. We have had higher temperatures and we have had lower temperatures, including various ice ages. In fact, a period called the 'little ice age' ended around the middle to the end of the nineteenth century. Then the temperature rose until about 1940, at which point it decreased until 1975. In fact, a Newsweek article published 28 April 1975, discussed the possibility of global cooling, which seemed to be the consensus among scientists at the time. There are three critical questions that need to be answered in order to resolve the issue.
- Is Earth actually warming?
- If the planet is warming, is there a human cause or is it natural fluctuation?
- If the planet is warming, is CO2 the cause?
In terms of data, the generally accepted procedure is to record monthly temperature anomalies. To do so, we calculate the average for each month over many years. We then calculate any deviations between the latest month's temperature reading and the monthly average calculated above. A positive anomaly would represent a month's temperature that is above the average. A negative anomaly indicates a month where the temperature is less than the average.
PART 1A
Is Earth actually warming?
File GLOBALA.xlsx contains the monthly temperature anomalies (C) from 1880 to 2020. Using the data answer the following:
- Considering the monthly temperature anomalies data over the data period 1880-2020, identify the data type and use an appropriate graphical technique to display the data. Discuss the trend in data and comment whether there is global warming. [Hint: Insert a trend line.]
- Considering the population mean of the temperature anomalies (m), test to show that, on average, there is global warming at the 5 percent level of significance. [Hint: Test whether the population mean of monthly temperature anomalies is positive (m > 0)].
Month | Temperature Anomalies |
1 | -0.34 |
2 | -0.72 |
3 | -0.79 |
4 | -0.45 |
5 | -0.26 |
6 | -0.21 |
7 | -0.32 |
8 | -0.27 |
9 | -0.49 |
10 | -0.74 |
11 | -0.96 |
12 | -0.65 |
1 | -0.62 |
2 | -0.51 |
3 | -0.25 |
4 | -0.17 |
5 | -0.10 |
6 | -0.57 |
7 | -0.36 |
8 | -0.14 |
9 | -0.47 |
10 | -0.89 |
11 | -1.00 |
12 | -0.28 |
1 | 0.00 |
2 | -0.27 |
3 | -0.27 |
4 | -0.80 |
5 | -0.61 |
6 | -0.54 |
7 | -0.53 |
8 | -0.10 |
9 | -0.33 |
10 | -0.88 |
11 | -0.61 |
12 | -0.76 |
1 | -1.29 |
2 | -1.48 |
3 | -0.71 |
4 | -0.74 |
5 | -0.58 |
6 | -0.03 |
7 | -0.36 |
8 | -0.37 |
9 | -0.53 |
10 | -0.73 |
11 | -0.89 |
12 | -0.50 |
1 | -0.61 |
2 | -0.88 |
3 | -0.98 |
4 | -0.83 |
5 | -0.62 |
6 | -0.50 |
7 | -0.73 |
8 | -0.63 |
9 | -0.78 |
10 | -0.70 |
11 | -0.93 |
12 | -0.57 |
1 | -1.47 |
2 | -0.83 |
3 | -0.56 |
4 | -0.67 |
5 | -0.63 |
6 | -0.61 |
7 | -0.53 |
8 | -0.60 |
9 | -0.52 |
10 | -0.50 |
11 | -0.30 |
12 | 0.19 |
1 | -0.56 |
2 | -1.04 |
3 | -0.81 |
4 | -0.40 |
5 | -0.47 |
6 | -0.50 |
7 | -0.23 |
8 | -0.38 |
9 | -0.41 |
10 | -0.81 |
11 | -0.74 |
12 | 0.05 |
1 | -1.16 |
2 | -0.92 |
3 | -0.32 |
4 | -0.47 |
5 | -0.22 |
6 | -0.49 |
7 | -0.36 |
8 | -0.56 |
9 | -0.25 |
10 | -0.70 |
11 | -0.29 |
12 | -0.22 |
1 | -0.83 |
2 | -0.79 |
3 | -0.83 |
4 | -0.18 |
5 | -0.46 |
6 | -0.40 |
7 | -0.22 |
8 | -0.49 |
9 | -0.31 |
10 | -0.19 |
11 | -0.44 |
12 | -0.26 |
1 | -0.67 |
2 | -0.10 |
3 | 0.09 |
4 | 0.17 |
5 | -0.30 |
6 | -0.24 |
7 | -0.23 |
8 | -0.24 |
9 | -0.43 |
10 | -0.65 |
11 | -0.89 |
12 | -0.35 |
1 | -0.71 |
2 | -0.71 |
3 | -0.60 |
4 | -0.32 |
5 | -0.76 |
6 | -0.39 |
7 | -0.19 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.50 |
10 | -0.35 |
11 | -0.92 |
12 | -0.59 |
1 | -0.85 |
2 | -1.31 |
3 | -0.36 |
4 | -0.59 |
5 | -0.45 |
6 | -0.51 |
7 | -0.34 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.24 |
10 | -0.70 |
11 | -0.88 |
12 | 0.09 |
1 | -0.63 |
2 | -0.34 |
3 | -0.71 |
4 | -0.73 |
5 | -0.47 |
6 | -0.28 |
7 | -0.34 |
8 | -0.37 |
9 | -0.28 |
10 | -0.26 |
11 | -1.13 |
12 | -0.78 |
1 | -1.98 |
2 | -1.66 |
3 | -0.22 |
4 | -0.51 |
5 | -0.57 |
6 | -0.31 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | -0.38 |
9 | -0.20 |
10 | -0.32 |
11 | -0.11 |
12 | -0.34 |
1 | -0.79 |
2 | -0.10 |
3 | -0.09 |
4 | -0.63 |
5 | -0.32 |
6 | -0.47 |
7 | -0.38 |
8 | -0.37 |
9 | -0.40 |
10 | -0.47 |
11 | -0.63 |
12 | -0.37 |
1 | -1.19 |
2 | -0.97 |
3 | -0.43 |
4 | -0.07 |
5 | -0.39 |
6 | -0.37 |
7 | -0.31 |
8 | -0.38 |
9 | -0.21 |
10 | -0.23 |
11 | -0.32 |
12 | -0.21 |
1 | -0.23 |
2 | -0.25 |
3 | -0.73 |
4 | -0.79 |
5 | -0.26 |
6 | -0.16 |
7 | -0.14 |
8 | -0.16 |
9 | -0.27 |
10 | -0.07 |
11 | -0.90 |
12 | -0.28 |
1 | -0.69 |
2 | -0.66 |
3 | -0.96 |
4 | -0.01 |
5 | 0.08 |
6 | -0.08 |
7 | 0.07 |
8 | -0.08 |
9 | 0.06 |
10 | -0.17 |
11 | -0.41 |
12 | -0.55 |
1 | 0.23 |
2 | -0.65 |
3 | -1.68 |
4 | -0.55 |
5 | -0.44 |
6 | -0.13 |
7 | -0.22 |
8 | -0.15 |
9 | -0.25 |
10 | -0.68 |
11 | -0.49 |
12 | 0.18 |
1 | -0.11 |
2 | -0.70 |
3 | -0.65 |
4 | -0.08 |
5 | -0.21 |
6 | -0.48 |
7 | -0.25 |
8 | -0.22 |
9 | 0.02 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.60 |
12 | -0.62 |
1 | -1.14 |
2 | -0.34 |
3 | -0.02 |
4 | -0.26 |
5 | 0.04 |
6 | 0.01 |
7 | -0.14 |
8 | 0.00 |
9 | -0.07 |
10 | 0.27 |
11 | -0.35 |
12 | 0.14 |
1 | -0.43 |
2 | -0.31 |
3 | 0.19 |
4 | 0.09 |
5 | -0.09 |
6 | 0.07 |
7 | 0.06 |
8 | 0.00 |
9 | -0.16 |
10 | -0.45 |
11 | -0.11 |
12 | -0.43 |
1 | 0.20 |
2 | 0.40 |
3 | -0.26 |
4 | -0.54 |
5 | -0.33 |
6 | -0.26 |
7 | -0.20 |
8 | -0.29 |
9 | -0.26 |
10 | -0.49 |
11 | -0.71 |
12 | -0.82 |
1 | -0.19 |
2 | 0.29 |
3 | -0.27 |
4 | -0.47 |
5 | -0.52 |
6 | -0.46 |
7 | -0.40 |
8 | -0.36 |
9 | -0.40 |
10 | -0.66 |
11 | -0.56 |
12 | -0.65 |
1 | -0.97 |
2 | -0.71 |
3 | -0.81 |
4 | -0.63 |
5 | -0.32 |
6 | -0.37 |
7 | -0.50 |
8 | -0.35 |
9 | -0.53 |
10 | -0.57 |
11 | 0.31 |
12 | -0.15 |
1 | -0.34 |
2 | -1.36 |
3 | -0.76 |
4 | -0.78 |
5 | -0.30 |
6 | -0.26 |
7 | -0.20 |
8 | -0.19 |
9 | -0.17 |
10 | -0.31 |
11 | 0.20 |
12 | 0.04 |
1 | -0.28 |
2 | -0.66 |
3 | -0.33 |
4 | 0.19 |
5 | 0.02 |
6 | 0.02 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | -0.19 |
9 | -0.26 |
10 | -0.26 |
11 | -0.54 |
12 | 0.11 |
1 | -0.69 |
2 | -0.91 |
3 | -0.57 |
4 | -0.82 |
5 | -0.92 |
6 | -0.69 |
7 | -0.49 |
8 | -0.43 |
9 | -0.40 |
10 | -0.30 |
11 | -0.87 |
12 | -0.66 |
1 | -0.35 |
2 | -0.46 |
3 | -1.07 |
4 | -0.63 |
5 | -0.28 |
6 | -0.31 |
7 | -0.22 |
8 | -0.45 |
9 | -0.18 |
10 | -0.57 |
11 | -0.68 |
12 | -0.39 |
1 | -1.00 |
2 | -0.52 |
3 | -0.69 |
4 | -0.95 |
5 | -0.66 |
6 | -0.45 |
7 | -0.38 |
8 | -0.13 |
9 | -0.21 |
10 | -0.23 |
11 | 0.20 |
12 | -0.29 |
1 | -0.19 |
2 | -0.39 |
3 | -0.59 |
4 | -0.27 |
5 | -0.27 |
6 | -0.26 |
7 | -0.06 |
8 | -0.20 |
9 | -0.34 |
10 | -0.49 |
11 | -0.63 |
12 | -0.83 |
1 | -0.82 |
2 | -0.77 |
3 | -0.89 |
4 | -0.61 |
5 | -0.49 |
6 | -0.44 |
7 | -0.42 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.40 |
10 | -0.30 |
11 | -0.21 |
12 | -0.27 |
1 | -0.44 |
2 | -0.07 |
3 | -0.83 |
4 | -0.33 |
5 | -0.16 |
6 | -0.14 |
7 | -0.54 |
8 | -0.67 |
9 | -0.77 |
10 | -0.96 |
11 | -0.53 |
12 | -0.55 |
1 | -0.52 |
2 | -0.81 |
3 | -0.79 |
4 | -0.40 |
5 | -0.57 |
6 | -0.45 |
7 | -0.20 |
8 | -0.13 |
9 | -0.30 |
10 | -0.35 |
11 | 0.12 |
12 | 0.44 |
1 | 0.81 |
2 | 0.06 |
3 | -0.18 |
4 | -0.30 |
5 | 0.07 |
6 | -0.01 |
7 | -0.23 |
8 | -0.28 |
9 | -0.20 |
10 | -0.08 |
11 | -0.24 |
12 | -0.23 |
1 | -0.29 |
2 | 0.08 |
3 | -0.20 |
4 | 0.20 |
5 | 0.03 |
6 | -0.20 |
7 | 0.01 |
8 | -0.13 |
9 | -0.27 |
10 | -0.48 |
11 | 0.16 |
12 | 0.00 |
1 | -0.16 |
2 | -0.27 |
3 | -0.60 |
4 | -0.35 |
5 | -0.37 |
6 | -0.55 |
7 | -0.36 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.40 |
10 | -0.39 |
11 | -0.56 |
12 | -1.18 |
1 | -0.52 |
2 | -0.89 |
3 | -1.00 |
4 | -0.63 |
5 | -0.94 |
6 | -0.56 |
7 | -0.23 |
8 | -0.36 |
9 | -0.27 |
10 | -0.69 |
11 | -0.15 |
12 | -1.27 |
1 | -0.63 |
2 | -0.64 |
3 | -0.44 |
4 | -0.75 |
5 | -0.77 |
6 | -0.49 |
7 | -0.41 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.20 |
10 | -0.01 |
11 | -0.31 |
12 | -0.85 |
1 | -0.60 |
2 | -0.20 |
3 | -0.51 |
4 | 0.09 |
5 | -0.42 |
6 | -0.25 |
7 | -0.10 |
8 | -0.17 |
9 | -0.18 |
10 | -0.24 |
11 | -0.66 |
12 | -0.54 |
1 | -0.05 |
2 | -0.63 |
3 | -0.04 |
4 | -0.25 |
5 | -0.14 |
6 | -0.39 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | -0.29 |
9 | -0.30 |
10 | -0.42 |
11 | -0.46 |
12 | -1.04 |
1 | 0.22 |
2 | -0.14 |
3 | -0.24 |
4 | -0.15 |
5 | -0.13 |
6 | -0.02 |
7 | -0.05 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.21 |
10 | -0.17 |
11 | -0.34 |
12 | -0.04 |
1 | -0.62 |
2 | -0.67 |
3 | -0.08 |
4 | 0.00 |
5 | -0.24 |
6 | -0.09 |
7 | -0.15 |
8 | -0.31 |
9 | -0.34 |
10 | -0.32 |
11 | -0.01 |
12 | -0.15 |
1 | -0.12 |
2 | -0.71 |
3 | -0.39 |
4 | -0.78 |
5 | -0.44 |
6 | -0.21 |
7 | -0.39 |
8 | -0.36 |
9 | -0.25 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.21 |
12 | 0.10 |
1 | -0.50 |
2 | -0.31 |
3 | -0.06 |
4 | -0.49 |
5 | -0.23 |
6 | -0.19 |
7 | -0.13 |
8 | -0.27 |
9 | -0.17 |
10 | -0.26 |
11 | 0.06 |
12 | -0.43 |
1 | -0.49 |
2 | -0.52 |
3 | -0.13 |
4 | 0.04 |
5 | -0.24 |
6 | -0.35 |
7 | -0.33 |
8 | -0.15 |
9 | -0.09 |
10 | -0.31 |
11 | 0.24 |
12 | 0.54 |
1 | 0.55 |
2 | 0.41 |
3 | 0.40 |
4 | -0.33 |
5 | -0.31 |
6 | -0.15 |
7 | -0.28 |
8 | -0.08 |
9 | -0.06 |
10 | 0.07 |
11 | 0.08 |
12 | -0.42 |
1 | -0.50 |
2 | -0.28 |
3 | -0.56 |
4 | -0.44 |
5 | -0.30 |
6 | -0.16 |
7 | -0.06 |
8 | -0.24 |
9 | 0.14 |
10 | 0.36 |
11 | 0.08 |
12 | -0.62 |
1 | 0.08 |
2 | -0.16 |
3 | -0.45 |
4 | -0.32 |
5 | -0.17 |
6 | -0.34 |
7 | -0.13 |
8 | -0.20 |
9 | -0.08 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.19 |
12 | 0.02 |
1 | -0.94 |
2 | -1.20 |
3 | -0.24 |
4 | -0.38 |
5 | -0.34 |
6 | -0.52 |
7 | -0.47 |
8 | -0.25 |
9 | -0.27 |
10 | 0.02 |
11 | 0.06 |
12 | -1.31 |
1 | -0.61 |
2 | -0.24 |
3 | 0.18 |
4 | -0.33 |
5 | -0.28 |
6 | -0.13 |
7 | 0.01 |
8 | -0.01 |
9 | -0.29 |
10 | -0.16 |
11 | 0.34 |
12 | 0.00 |
1 | -0.07 |
2 | -0.64 |
3 | -0.02 |
4 | -0.27 |
5 | -0.35 |
6 | 0.04 |
7 | 0.16 |
8 | 0.17 |
9 | 0.19 |
10 | 0.39 |
11 | -0.03 |
12 | 0.10 |
1 | 0.82 |
2 | -0.37 |
3 | -0.46 |
4 | 0.27 |
5 | -0.21 |
6 | -0.16 |
7 | -0.03 |
8 | -0.15 |
9 | 0.16 |
10 | 0.19 |
11 | -0.26 |
12 | -0.31 |
1 | -0.59 |
2 | -0.74 |
3 | -0.47 |
4 | -0.35 |
5 | -0.28 |
6 | -0.31 |
7 | -0.16 |
8 | -0.16 |
9 | -0.30 |
10 | -0.13 |
11 | -0.13 |
12 | -0.70 |
1 | -0.38 |
2 | 0.43 |
3 | -0.47 |
4 | -0.45 |
5 | 0.21 |
6 | -0.03 |
7 | -0.05 |
8 | -0.06 |
9 | -0.36 |
10 | 0.02 |
11 | 0.26 |
12 | 0.11 |
1 | -0.57 |
2 | 0.92 |
3 | 0.03 |
4 | -0.64 |
5 | -0.35 |
6 | -0.21 |
7 | -0.06 |
8 | -0.11 |
9 | -0.08 |
10 | 0.09 |
11 | -0.75 |
12 | -0.34 |
1 | -0.59 |
2 | -0.78 |
3 | -0.25 |
4 | -0.34 |
5 | -0.03 |
6 | -0.09 |
7 | 0.22 |
8 | -0.02 |
9 | -0.08 |
10 | 0.10 |
11 | 0.15 |
12 | 0.22 |
1 | -0.50 |
2 | 0.21 |
3 | -0.50 |
4 | -0.34 |
5 | 0.08 |
6 | 0.19 |
7 | -0.03 |
8 | 0.11 |
9 | 0.27 |
10 | 0.30 |
11 | 0.19 |
12 | -0.27 |
1 | 0.17 |
2 | 0.13 |
3 | 0.31 |
4 | 0.52 |
5 | 0.16 |
6 | -0.12 |
7 | 0.04 |
8 | 0.07 |
9 | 0.27 |
10 | 0.34 |
11 | 0.39 |
12 | -0.27 |
1 | 0.17 |
2 | 0.03 |
3 | -0.36 |
4 | -0.20 |
5 | 0.15 |
6 | 0.08 |
7 | 0.04 |
8 | 0.10 |
9 | -0.09 |
10 | -0.19 |
11 | 0.07 |
12 | 1.24 |
1 | -0.47 |
2 | 0.09 |
3 | 0.05 |
4 | 0.25 |
5 | -0.03 |
6 | 0.09 |
7 | 0.15 |
8 | 0.00 |
9 | 0.21 |
10 | 0.07 |
11 | -0.01 |
12 | 0.42 |
1 | 0.02 |
2 | 0.27 |
3 | -0.02 |
4 | 0.20 |
5 | 0.16 |
6 | 0.20 |
7 | 0.24 |
8 | 0.18 |
9 | -0.18 |
10 | 0.32 |
11 | -0.14 |
12 | -0.07 |
1 | 0.33 |
2 | -0.30 |
3 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.00 |
5 | -0.02 |
6 | 0.14 |
7 | -0.10 |
8 | -0.07 |
9 | 0.07 |
10 | 0.16 |
11 | 0.26 |
12 | 0.13 |
1 | -0.39 |
2 | 0.28 |
3 | -0.13 |
4 | 0.23 |
5 | 0.17 |
6 | -0.30 |
7 | 0.00 |
8 | -0.12 |
9 | 0.00 |
10 | 0.42 |
11 | 0.11 |
12 | 0.57 |
1 | 0.79 |
2 | 0.35 |
3 | 0.34 |
4 | 0.01 |
5 | 0.08 |
6 | 0.12 |
7 | 0.14 |
8 | 0.15 |
9 | 0.41 |
10 | 0.37 |
11 | -0.10 |
12 | -0.30 |
1 | -0.18 |
2 | -0.64 |
3 | -0.15 |
4 | 0.24 |
5 | -0.11 |
6 | -0.05 |
7 | -0.12 |
8 | 0.39 |
9 | 0.14 |
10 | 0.21 |
11 | -0.02 |
12 | -0.52 |
1 | 0.32 |
2 | 0.31 |
3 | -0.10 |
4 | 0.42 |
5 | -0.01 |
6 | -0.23 |
7 | -0.02 |
8 | -0.03 |
9 | -0.04 |
10 | -0.04 |
11 | 0.07 |
12 | -0.69 |
1 | -0.32 |
2 | -0.15 |
3 | 0.35 |
4 | 0.26 |
5 | 0.00 |
6 | 0.01 |
7 | -0.08 |
8 | -0.07 |
9 | 0.03 |
10 | 0.47 |
11 | 0.16 |
12 | -0.14 |
1 | 0.61 |
2 | -0.02 |
3 | -0.34 |
4 | 0.05 |
5 | 0.21 |
6 | 0.12 |
7 | 0.03 |
8 | 0.03 |
9 | 0.05 |
10 | 0.13 |
11 | 0.06 |
12 | -0.19 |
1 | 0.49 |
2 | -0.40 |
3 | -0.16 |
4 | 0.04 |
5 | 0.11 |
6 | -0.20 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | 0.00 |
9 | -0.15 |
10 | 0.04 |
11 | 0.06 |
12 | -0.35 |
1 | -0.77 |
2 | -0.46 |
3 | -0.12 |
4 | -0.32 |
5 | -0.03 |
6 | -0.12 |
7 | -0.30 |
8 | -0.38 |
9 | -0.11 |
10 | -0.26 |
11 | -0.83 |
12 | -0.15 |
1 | -0.58 |
2 | -0.98 |
3 | -0.26 |
4 | -0.11 |
5 | 0.16 |
6 | -0.12 |
7 | 0.02 |
8 | 0.09 |
9 | 0.32 |
10 | 0.18 |
11 | -0.02 |
12 | 0.59 |
1 | 0.31 |
2 | 0.06 |
3 | -0.31 |
4 | 0.05 |
5 | 0.03 |
6 | 0.01 |
7 | 0.13 |
8 | 0.05 |
9 | 0.16 |
10 | -0.23 |
11 | -0.73 |
12 | -0.12 |
1 | 0.21 |
2 | 0.39 |
3 | 0.49 |
4 | 0.36 |
5 | 0.18 |
6 | 0.18 |
7 | 0.05 |
8 | 0.14 |
9 | 0.16 |
10 | 0.20 |
11 | -0.23 |
12 | 0.27 |
1 | -0.68 |
2 | -0.20 |
3 | -0.20 |
4 | -0.28 |
5 | -0.37 |
6 | -0.07 |
7 | -0.13 |
8 | 0.04 |
9 | 0.08 |
10 | 0.11 |
11 | 0.41 |
12 | -0.23 |
1 | 0.67 |
2 | -0.05 |
3 | -0.74 |
4 | -0.45 |
5 | -0.10 |
6 | 0.00 |
7 | -0.20 |
8 | 0.13 |
9 | -0.02 |
10 | 0.09 |
11 | -0.29 |
12 | -0.44 |
1 | -0.40 |
2 | -0.62 |
3 | -0.42 |
4 | -0.51 |
5 | -0.42 |
6 | -0.22 |
7 | -0.23 |
8 | -0.40 |
9 | -0.41 |
10 | -0.38 |
11 | -0.41 |
12 | -0.40 |
1 | -0.32 |
2 | -0.36 |
3 | -0.31 |
4 | -0.27 |
5 | -0.08 |
6 | 0.12 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | 0.05 |
9 | 0.13 |
10 | -0.05 |
11 | 0.18 |
12 | 0.62 |
1 | 0.76 |
2 | 0.39 |
3 | 0.12 |
4 | 0.10 |
5 | 0.17 |
6 | -0.07 |
7 | 0.06 |
8 | -0.02 |
9 | -0.14 |
10 | -0.01 |
11 | 0.16 |
12 | 0.25 |
1 | 0.22 |
2 | 0.06 |
3 | 0.57 |
4 | 0.26 |
5 | -0.08 |
6 | 0.19 |
7 | 0.10 |
8 | 0.05 |
9 | 0.12 |
10 | -0.18 |
11 | -0.34 |
12 | -0.01 |
1 | 0.06 |
2 | 0.66 |
3 | -0.74 |
4 | -0.23 |
5 | -0.43 |
6 | 0.14 |
7 | -0.10 |
8 | 0.03 |
9 | 0.07 |
10 | 0.02 |
11 | -0.25 |
12 | 0.65 |
1 | 0.31 |
2 | 0.40 |
3 | 0.41 |
4 | 0.18 |
5 | 0.24 |
6 | 0.16 |
7 | 0.00 |
8 | 0.01 |
9 | 0.02 |
10 | -0.23 |
11 | 0.05 |
12 | -0.17 |
1 | 0.35 |
2 | 0.50 |
3 | 0.33 |
4 | 0.19 |
5 | 0.00 |
6 | -0.14 |
7 | -0.03 |
8 | -0.05 |
9 | 0.01 |
10 | 0.16 |
11 | 0.19 |
12 | 0.34 |
1 | 0.16 |
2 | 0.91 |
3 | 0.03 |
4 | -0.17 |
5 | -0.19 |
6 | -0.10 |
7 | 0.17 |
8 | 0.21 |
9 | 0.32 |
10 | 0.61 |
11 | 0.46 |
12 | 0.13 |
1 | 0.12 |
2 | -0.20 |
3 | -0.30 |
4 | -0.36 |
5 | -0.10 |
6 | -0.17 |
7 | -0.16 |
8 | -0.20 |
9 | -0.30 |
10 | -0.49 |
11 | -0.16 |
12 | -0.34 |
1 | 0.11 |
2 | -0.38 |
3 | -0.09 |
4 | -0.42 |
5 | -0.10 |
6 | -0.07 |
7 | -0.17 |
8 | -0.18 |
9 | -0.16 |
10 | 0.14 |
11 | -0.25 |
12 | 0.05 |
1 | -0.15 |
2 | -0.04 |
3 | 0.12 |
4 | -0.28 |
5 | -0.03 |
6 | 0.18 |
7 | 0.16 |
8 | 0.09 |
9 | 0.09 |
10 | -0.14 |
11 | -0.16 |
12 | -0.47 |
1 | -0.21 |
2 | -0.39 |
3 | 0.09 |
4 | 0.13 |
5 | 0.34 |
6 | -0.21 |
7 | -0.11 |
8 | -0.11 |
9 | -0.09 |
10 | 0.52 |
11 | 0.10 |
12 | 0.12 |
1 | -0.35 |
2 | -0.06 |
3 | 0.87 |
4 | -0.03 |
5 | -0.22 |
6 | -0.22 |
7 | -0.16 |
8 | -0.18 |
9 | -0.21 |
10 | -0.11 |
11 | -0.20 |
12 | -0.48 |
1 | -1.05 |
2 | -0.88 |
3 | -0.05 |
4 | 0.10 |
5 | 0.04 |
6 | -0.03 |
7 | 0.12 |
8 | 0.01 |
9 | -0.07 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.41 |
12 | 0.48 |
1 | 0.08 |
2 | 0.57 |
3 | -0.12 |
4 | 0.21 |
5 | 0.01 |
6 | 0.15 |
7 | 0.10 |
8 | -0.01 |
9 | 0.03 |
10 | -0.21 |
11 | -0.01 |
12 | -0.22 |
1 | 0.12 |
2 | -0.37 |
3 | -0.13 |
4 | -0.15 |
5 | -0.08 |
6 | -0.16 |
7 | -0.07 |
8 | -0.04 |
9 | 0.12 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.38 |
12 | 0.16 |
1 | -0.89 |
2 | -0.76 |
3 | 0.02 |
4 | 0.03 |
5 | -0.06 |
6 | 0.08 |
7 | -0.06 |
8 | 0.06 |
9 | -0.21 |
10 | -0.06 |
11 | -0.23 |
12 | 0.15 |
1 | 0.29 |
2 | 0.82 |
3 | 0.80 |
4 | 0.51 |
5 | 0.36 |
6 | 0.48 |
7 | 0.23 |
8 | 0.15 |
9 | 0.07 |
10 | 0.10 |
11 | 0.02 |
12 | 0.29 |
1 | -0.61 |
2 | -0.64 |
3 | 0.09 |
4 | 0.09 |
5 | -0.05 |
6 | -0.08 |
7 | 0.06 |
8 | -0.04 |
9 | -0.17 |
10 | -0.29 |
11 | -0.22 |
12 | -0.30 |
1 | 0.39 |
2 | 0.14 |
3 | 0.43 |
4 | 0.30 |
5 | 0.23 |
6 | 0.20 |
7 | 0.09 |
8 | -0.08 |
9 | 0.22 |
10 | -0.12 |
11 | -0.16 |
12 | 0.08 |
1 | 0.28 |
2 | -0.20 |
3 | -0.66 |
4 | 0.11 |
5 | -0.16 |
6 | -0.21 |
7 | -0.22 |
8 | -0.19 |
9 | -0.04 |
10 | -0.83 |
11 | -0.43 |
12 | -0.13 |
1 | -0.47 |
2 | 0.33 |
3 | 0.68 |
4 | 0.59 |
5 | 0.43 |
6 | 0.46 |
7 | 0.22 |
8 | 0.10 |
9 | 0.18 |
10 | -0.03 |
11 | 0.58 |
12 | 0.08 |
1 | 0.18 |
2 | 0.22 |
3 | 0.49 |
4 | 0.31 |
5 | 0.05 |
6 | -0.08 |
7 | -0.02 |
8 | -0.22 |
9 | 0.02 |
10 | 0.08 |
11 | 0.34 |
12 | 0.05 |
1 | -0.05 |
2 | -0.16 |
3 | 0.29 |
4 | -0.19 |
5 | 0.10 |
6 | 0.14 |
7 | 0.11 |
8 | 0.18 |
9 | 0.20 |
10 | 0.36 |
11 | 0.25 |
12 | 0.98 |
1 | 0.20 |
2 | 0.45 |
3 | 0.04 |
4 | 0.45 |
5 | 0.50 |
6 | 0.27 |
7 | 0.23 |
8 | 0.25 |
9 | 0.21 |
10 | 0.26 |
11 | 0.64 |
12 | 0.40 |
1 | 1.20 |
2 | 0.91 |
3 | 0.97 |
4 | 0.70 |
5 | 0.33 |
6 | 0.30 |
7 | 0.22 |
8 | 0.39 |
9 | 0.15 |
10 | 0.06 |
11 | 0.30 |
12 | 0.90 |
1 | -0.12 |
2 | 0.18 |
3 | -0.13 |
4 | 0.34 |
5 | 0.15 |
6 | -0.01 |
7 | 0.20 |
8 | 0.13 |
9 | 0.24 |
10 | -0.05 |
11 | -0.17 |
12 | 0.72 |
1 | 0.89 |
2 | 0.87 |
3 | 0.63 |
4 | 0.24 |
5 | 0.33 |
6 | 0.20 |
7 | 0.35 |
8 | 0.54 |
9 | 0.51 |
10 | 0.27 |
11 | 1.00 |
12 | 0.33 |
1 | 0.38 |
2 | 0.00 |
3 | 0.48 |
4 | 0.09 |
5 | 0.61 |
6 | 0.08 |
7 | 0.07 |
8 | 0.16 |
9 | -0.09 |
10 | 0.06 |
11 | -0.21 |
12 | -0.72 |
1 | 0.33 |
2 | -0.34 |
3 | 0.29 |
4 | 0.28 |
5 | 0.30 |
6 | 0.12 |
7 | -0.10 |
8 | 0.20 |
9 | -0.04 |
10 | 0.06 |
11 | 0.01 |
12 | 0.21 |
1 | 0.78 |
2 | 0.54 |
3 | 0.64 |
4 | 0.53 |
5 | 0.44 |
6 | 0.32 |
7 | 0.07 |
8 | 0.18 |
9 | 0.04 |
10 | 0.08 |
11 | -0.05 |
12 | 0.17 |
1 | 0.48 |
2 | 1.17 |
3 | 0.13 |
4 | 0.34 |
5 | 0.43 |
6 | 0.32 |
7 | 0.55 |
8 | 0.34 |
9 | 0.48 |
10 | 0.20 |
11 | 0.11 |
12 | 0.91 |
1 | 0.81 |
2 | 0.37 |
3 | 0.76 |
4 | 0.71 |
5 | 0.56 |
6 | 0.65 |
7 | 0.54 |
8 | 0.47 |
9 | 0.52 |
10 | 0.48 |
11 | 0.40 |
12 | 0.83 |
1 | 0.21 |
2 | 0.49 |
3 | 0.66 |
4 | 0.35 |
5 | 0.37 |
6 | 0.22 |
7 | 0.30 |
8 | 0.27 |
9 | 0.27 |
10 | 0.38 |
11 | 0.17 |
12 | 0.74 |
1 | 0.58 |
2 | 0.61 |
3 | 1.68 |
4 | 0.81 |
5 | 0.60 |
6 | 0.54 |
7 | 0.28 |
8 | 0.44 |
9 | 0.31 |
10 | 0.60 |
11 | 0.84 |
12 | 0.69 |
1 | 0.70 |
2 | 0.83 |
3 | 0.42 |
4 | 0.83 |
5 | 0.48 |
6 | 0.72 |
7 | 0.47 |
8 | 0.41 |
9 | 0.48 |
10 | 0.42 |
11 | 0.38 |
12 | 0.30 |
1 | 1.00 |
2 | 0.84 |
3 | 0.75 |
4 | 0.29 |
5 | 0.29 |
6 | 0.14 |
7 | -0.19 |
8 | -0.05 |
9 | -0.25 |
10 | -0.10 |
11 | -0.14 |
12 | 0.47 |
1 | 0.69 |
2 | 0.70 |
3 | 0.83 |
4 | 0.38 |
5 | 0.38 |
6 | 0.33 |
7 | 0.29 |
8 | 0.22 |
9 | 0.04 |
10 | 0.24 |
11 | -0.31 |
12 | 0.52 |
1 | 0.48 |
2 | -0.28 |
3 | 0.73 |
4 | 0.60 |
5 | 0.67 |
6 | 0.65 |
7 | 0.34 |
8 | 0.31 |
9 | 0.48 |
10 | 0.66 |
11 | 0.72 |
12 | 0.53 |
1 | 1.05 |
2 | 1.59 |
3 | 0.83 |
4 | 0.63 |
5 | 0.49 |
6 | 0.77 |
7 | 0.53 |
8 | 0.81 |
9 | 0.67 |
10 | 0.77 |
11 | 0.76 |
12 | 0.51 |
1 | 0.20 |
2 | 0.79 |
3 | 0.33 |
4 | 0.09 |
5 | 0.58 |
6 | 0.37 |
7 | 0.44 |
8 | 0.37 |
9 | 0.11 |
10 | 0.13 |
11 | 0.28 |
12 | 0.56 |
1 | 0.52 |
2 | 0.75 |
3 | 0.79 |
4 | 0.61 |
5 | 0.43 |
6 | 0.65 |
7 | 0.49 |
8 | 0.60 |
9 | 0.77 |
10 | 0.82 |
11 | 0.59 |
12 | 0.74 |
1 | 0.72 |
2 | 1.70 |
3 | 0.93 |
4 | 1.24 |
5 | 0.99 |
6 | 1.01 |
7 | 1.14 |
8 | 1.11 |
9 | 0.83 |
10 | 0.73 |
11 | 0.34 |
12 | 1.12 |
1 | 1.01 |
2 | 1.70 |
3 | 0.37 |
4 | 0.78 |
5 | 0.64 |
6 | 0.64 |
7 | 0.68 |
8 | 0.56 |
9 | 0.67 |
10 | 0.64 |
11 | 0.63 |
12 | 1.20 |
1 | 0.52 |
2 | 1.09 |
3 | 1.09 |
4 | 1.34 |
5 | 0.74 |
6 | 0.64 |
7 | 0.54 |
8 | 0.68 |
9 | 0.52 |
10 | 0.22 |
11 | 0.07 |
12 | 0.23 |
1 | 0.76 |
2 | 0.53 |
3 | 1.19 |
4 | 0.96 |
5 | 1.04 |
6 | 0.70 |
7 | 0.83 |
8 | 0.91 |
9 | 0.69 |
10 | 0.60 |
11 | 1.34 |
12 | 0.77 |
1 | 1.41 |
2 | 1.71 |
3 | 1.58 |
4 | 0.79 |
5 | 0.80 |
6 | 0.78 |
7 | 1.00 |
8 | 0.84 |
9 | 0.85 |
10 | 0.54 |
11 | 0.96 |
12 | 0.42 |
1 | 1.35 |
2 | 0.95 |
3 | 0.86 |
4 | 0.86 |
5 | 0.97 |
6 | 0.71 |
7 | 0.76 |
8 | 0.90 |
9 | 0.87 |
10 | 1.16 |
11 | 0.70 |
12 | 1.48 |
1 | 0.97 |
2 | 1.32 |
3 | 1.31 |
4 | 0.87 |
5 | 0.48 |
6 | 0.58 |
7 | 0.41 |
8 | 0.50 |
9 | 0.67 |
10 | 0.82 |
11 | 1.41 |
12 | 0.64 |
1 | 1.10 |
2 | 0.76 |
3 | 1.35 |
4 | 1.33 |
5 | 1.00 |
6 | 1.04 |
7 | 0.96 |
8 | 0.81 |
9 | 1.12 |
10 | 1.22 |
11 | 1.46 |
12 | 1.15 |
1 | 0.70 |
2 | 1.31 |
3 | 1.18 |
4 | 0.75 |
5 | 0.68 |
6 | 1.07 |
7 | 0.91 |
8 | 0.96 |
9 | 0.89 |
10 | 1.07 |
11 | 0.89 |
12 | 1.49 |
1 | 1.97 |
2 | 1.16 |
3 | 1.25 |
4 | 1.48 |
5 | 1.12 |
6 | 0.77 |
7 | 0.83 |
8 | 0.91 |
9 | 1.03 |
10 | 1.03 |
11 | 1.11 |
12 | 1.00 |
1 | 0.22 |
2 | 0.61 |
3 | 1.87 |
4 | 0.84 |
5 | 0.84 |
6 | 0.81 |
7 | 0.87 |
8 | 0.76 |
9 | 0.71 |
10 | 1.24 |
11 | 1.33 |
12 | 0.83 |
1 | 1.06 |
2 | 1.04 |
3 | 1.02 |
4 | 1.10 |
5 | 0.77 |
6 | 0.80 |
7 | 0.75 |
8 | 0.93 |
9 | 1.16 |
10 | 0.85 |
11 | 1.01 |
12 | 0.60 |
1 | 1.04 |
2 | 1.19 |
3 | 1.57 |
4 | 1.44 |
5 | 1.22 |
6 | 1.18 |
7 | 1.15 |
8 | 1.06 |
9 | 0.91 |
10 | 1.11 |
11 | 1.58 |
12 | 0.60 |
1 | 0.62 |
2 | 0.59 |
3 | 1.01 |
4 | 1.23 |
5 | 0.83 |
6 | 1.04 |
7 | 1.05 |
8 | 1.06 |
9 | 0.99 |
10 | 1.15 |
11 | 0.71 |
12 | 1.00 |
1 | 0.64 |
2 | 0.52 |
3 | 0.90 |
4 | 1.49 |
5 | 1.35 |
6 | 1.24 |
7 | 1.04 |
8 | 0.98 |
9 | 1.12 |
10 | 1.05 |
11 | 1.15 |
12 | 0.32 |
1 | 1.03 |
2 | 1.21 |
3 | 1.11 |
4 | 0.80 |
5 | 1.15 |
6 | 1.10 |
7 | 0.83 |
8 | 0.88 |
9 | 0.97 |
10 | 0.96 |
11 | 1.50 |
12 | 1.11 |
1 | 1.16 |
2 | 0.36 |
3 | 1.38 |
4 | 1.36 |
5 | 1.20 |
6 | 1.01 |
7 | 0.80 |
8 | 1.08 |
9 | 0.99 |
10 | 1.03 |
11 | 0.73 |
12 | 1.36 |
1 | 1.48 |
2 | 1.70 |
3 | 1.71 |
4 | 1.18 |
5 | 1.34 |
6 | 1.30 |
7 | 1.07 |
8 | 1.21 |
9 | 1.26 |
10 | 1.49 |
11 | 1.40 |
12 | 1.98 |
1 | 1.70 |
2 | 2.43 |
3 | 2.53 |
4 | 1.97 |
5 | 1.33 |
6 | 1.25 |
7 | 1.19 |
8 | 1.41 |
9 | 1.40 |
10 | 0.90 |
11 | 1.11 |
12 | 1.32 |
1 | 1.66 |
2 | 1.79 |
3 | 1.97 |
4 | 1.43 |
5 | 1.30 |
6 | 1.21 |
7 | 1.24 |
8 | 1.28 |
9 | 1.27 |
10 | 1.13 |
11 | 1.19 |
12 | 1.57 |
1 | 1.19 |
2 | 1.23 |
3 | 1.61 |
4 | 1.36 |
5 | 1.26 |
6 | 1.13 |
7 | 1.21 |
8 | 1.05 |
9 | 1.10 |
10 | 1.34 |
11 | 0.93 |
12 | 1.25 |
1 | 1.65 |
2 | 1.18 |
3 | 2.01 |
4 | 1.58 |
5 | 1.17 |
6 | 1.32 |
7 | 1.19 |
8 | 1.13 |
9 | 1.38 |
10 | 1.42 |
11 | 1.28 |
12 | 1.77 |
1 | 2.09 |
2 | 2.27 |
3 | 2.15 |
4 | 1.64 |
5 | 1.40 |
6 | 1.30 |
7 | 1.23 |
8 | 1.26 |
Step by Step Solution
There are 3 Steps involved in it
Step: 1
Get Instant Access to Expert-Tailored Solutions
See step-by-step solutions with expert insights and AI powered tools for academic success
Step: 2
Step: 3
Ace Your Homework with AI
Get the answers you need in no time with our AI-driven, step-by-step assistance
Get Started