Pressures for cost reductions are intense in which of the following industries?

a$.$

Industrial and consumer products such as handheld calculators and personal computers

b$.$

Industries where major competitors are based in high$-$cost locations

c$.$

Industries where consumers are not powerful and face high switching costs

d$.$

Industries producing commodity$-$type products that serve specific needs

e$.$

Industries where there is persistent lowered capacity