Principle I. Use a comma before a coordinator when joining two complete sentences. Principle II. Use the correct coordinator (FANBOYS) to accurately show the logical relationship between the two sentences that you are joining.

Exercise 3 Instructions:

Using Principles I and II, combine the following pairs of sentences using one of the FANBOYS. Think carefully about the logical relationship between the two ideas. Don't forget to add the comma when joining two sentences with a coordinator.

1. Congressman Krupt was determined to censor dirty rap lyrics. He wasn't sure how to go about it.

2. Notoriously foul-mouthed rapper M.C. Daffodil had just released a new album, "Your Mother is a Very Nice Person." He was the first artist the congressman thought to ban from radio.

3. Krupt was particularly outraged by the song "I Really Like My School." It included the word "yucky."

4. Most of the public didn't seem to mind the song. They didn't care that more and more kids were heard using the word "yucky" in everyday speech.

5. Congressman Krupt was determined that he would get the song banned. He would give up the whole effort to destroy rap music.

6. During an appearance on Oprah's show, Krupt used the expression "dog gone it." His outraged former allies in the Purity League denounced him.

Exercise 4 Instructions:

Using Principles I and II, write seven sentences of your own, using a different coordinator (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) in each sentence. Remember that each of the FANBOYS represents a different relationship between the two complete sentences it connects. Don't forget to add the comma when joining two sentences with a coordinator.

Principle III. A subordinator is used to show the logical relationship between the ideas in the two sentences that you are joining. Principle IV. When you use a subordinator at the beginning of a sentence, you must use a comma to separate the two clauses. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the sentence, set it off from the rest of the sentence with commas. You do not use a comma if the subordinate or dependent clause comes at the end of the sentence.

Exercise 5

Instructions: Using Principle IV, underline each subordinate clause in the following sentences. The first sentence has been done for you. 1. If Shireen wants to go to the hip-hop concert, I will be happy to babysit. 2. Elena is eager to go to Bermuda on vacation next month although she has some concern about the impending air attendants' strike. 3. Yoshi is unable to join us at the restaurant since his father is arriving from Tokyo tonight. 4. Vinny maintains that he will go to school this semester if his boss will let him work nights. 5. Whenever there is a full moon, the emergency room at the hospital is full of accident victims. 6. Nico is tall and brown-eyed whereas his sister Anna is short and blue-eyed. 7. The mother robin, once she is established in the nest, will not leave. Exercise 6 Instructions: Using Principles III and IV, join the following pairs of sentences using subordinators. In the first four sets of sentences, hints are given about what logical relationship should be shown. Example: Some rodents and birds eat cockroaches. Human beings are the biggest enemy of cockroaches. (CONTRAST) Answer: Although some rodents and birds eat cockroaches, human beings are the biggest enemy of cockroaches. 1. Students often go out to eat or simply snack instead of fixing meals. They don't get all the vitamins and nutrients they need. (RESULT-CAUSE) 2. People try to kill pests like mice and rats with traps and poison. Such creatures are very successful at surviving. (CONTRAST) 3. Vanessa may not learn to trust adults. Her parents constantly lie and break their promises. (RESULT-CAUSE) 4. Michelle finally realized that she could learn what others could learn. She began studying for the G.E.D. and passed her high school equivalency examination. (TIME) 5. Against Timmy's wishes, his father carried him back to his room and told him a long, magical story. He finally gave in and fell asleep. 6. Heba was proud of herself for finally attending college. It had taken her a long time to find the courage and funds. 7. Most supporters of environmental conservation recycle everything from plastic containers to water. They understand that every little bit helps.

Principle V: A subordinate clause downplays an idea within a sentence.

Exercise 7 Instructions: Using Principles III, IV and V, combine each pair of sentences using a subordinator. Emphasize the underlined idea in the following sentences. The first sentence has been done for you. 1. I walked into the restaurant. I felt nervous about meeting my blind date, Halle. subordinate clause When I walked into the restaurant, I felt nervous about meeting my blind date, Halle. 2. My friends had told me about all her virtues. I was expecting the perfect woman. 3. Kumar felt a hairy rat crawl over his arm. He reached up to turn on the light. 4. Maria was exhausted at school on Monday. She had been working overtime all weekend.

5. We were eager to see the show. We couldn't afford to buy two more tickets. 6. Matt saw mold all over the steak the waiter had served him. He almost vomited. 7. The mosquito dived persistently at the screen. It found its way through the tiny hole toward the baby's fat, soft arms. Exercise 8 Instructions: Using Principles, III, IV and V, write six sentences that include subordinate (or dependent) clauses, using a different subordinator in each of the sentences. Vary the position of the subordinate clause. Principle VI. The semicolon is used to join two related sentences when you choose not to use a coordinator or subordinator. You must not capitalize the first letter of the second sentence when you use a semi-colon.

Exercise 9 Instructions: Using Principle VI, write five sentences using semicolons. Examples: Ice skating is fun. It is also free. Ice skating is fun; it is also free.

Principle VII. Although they can show the logical relationships that coordinators and subordinators do, transition words do not join sentences grammatically, so you must use a semicolon or period between sentences.

Exercise 10 Instructions: Using Principles VI and VII, rewrite the sentences below using semicolons with transition words. Use different transition words for each sentence. Example: The baby was only four months old. We could not expect to see her walk yet. Answer: The baby was only four months old; therefore, we could not expect to see her walk yet.

1. Most people go to Great America in the summertime to ride the newest roller coasters. The lines for those rides can get extremely long. 2. Young children love the various Disney characters. Disneyland gets the most attention.

3. Over three million people visit Great America each summer. It gets very crowded during the summer months. 4. The roller coasters are the main attraction at Great America. Other activities, such as the shows and the cartoon characters, make the park enjoyable for people of all ages. 5. At Disneyland, cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck walk around the park greeting and entertaining young children. These oversized creatures are part of the reason children beg their parents to bring them to the park.