Profiting From Success: The Future of Covid-19 Vaccine Pricing When vaccine usage shifts from the pandemic to endemic phase annual booster shots may be needed. Manufacturers of vaccines have let it be known that in the endemic phase they will raise prices. Two weeks ago, a Pfizer CEO said that the current vaccine price was agreed to under conditions that were not "normal," not involving "market forces" companies would normally operate in. Each two-dose Pfizer/BioNTech regimen currently costs the government approximately $39. Moderna's vaccine is priced at about $32 per two-shot regimen, and Johnson & Johnson's one- shot dose costs $10. Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson have all imparted to investors they will increase prices on vaccines as soon as the pandemic phase is over. The vaccine manufacturers are acutely aware of the real possibility that people will need annual booster shots, and see this as an opportunity for increased revenues. This raises ethical questions regarding whether such price hikes are justifiable. On one hand, monetarily rewarding companies' successful launches of products which facilitate society's return to near-normalcy seems perfectly reasonable. It also will spur investment in future vaccine development, not just targeting Covid-19, but a host of other diseases. On the other hand, increasing prices of medically necessary and perhaps even mandatory maintenance vaccines may smack of greed. Perhaps more importantly there is the practical question of who would pay for higher-priced Covid-19 vaccine booster shots. In all likelihood, the federal government would pick up most of the tab. In the healthcare market, making what may be perceived of as excessive profits is frowned upon by some. Nonetheless, the future price of Covid-19 vaccines will depend on numerous market factors, including comparative clinical value, competition among manufacturers, and projected numbers of people who require booster shots But, the federal government will also have a say in shaping company pricing behavior. Full article can be accessed from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuacohen/2021/04/02/profiting-from-success-the-future-of-covid-19- vaccine-pricing/?sh=ee867991bfse i. In light of the above issue, briefly explain any two (2) factors that may shift the demand and or supply curve of the vaccine. ii. Draw any two (2) relevant diagrams that allow the manufacturers to increase the price of Covid-19 vaccine if the industry were to operate under a normal market forces. Explain and label the diagram completely. iii. Vaccine manufacturers such as Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson have indicated that they will increase prices on vaccines as soon as the pandemic phase is over. From the Islamic perspective, what is your opinion on this